Post-Acute Sequelae of Covid-19: A System-wise Approach on the Effects of Long-Covid-19.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, economics, and society. This review seeks to encompass an overview of current knowledge on COVID-19, including its transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation related to various systems within the human body. COVID-19 is a highly contagious illness that has rapidly spread worldwide.

Enhancing microbial diversity as well as multi-organ health in hind-limb unloaded mice.

During space travel, the gut microbiota is changed which can lead to health-related issues. Previously, we utilized the hind-limb unloaded (HU) mouse, which is an established ground-based in-vivo model of microgravity and observed altered gut microbiota. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of novel bacterial conditioned media in HU mice to understand if they can offset the effects of unloading in the HU mouse model.

Drainage Pattern of Craniofacial Veins With Emphasis on its Influence on Facial Reconstruction Procedures.

As the facial transplantation procedures are becoming more popular and frequent in recent years, for repairing facial trauma, variations in the veins of head and neck needs to be reported time and again. This study was undertaken to examine the course and drainage pattern of the facial vein and external jugular vein on this context and emphasize its surgical implications. The authors studied the head and neck region of 50 embalmed cadavers of both sexes to document normal and variant anatomy of facial, retromandibular, and external jugular veins.

Astaxanthin and DHA supplementation ameliorates the proteomic profile of perinatal undernutrition-induced adipose tissue dysfunction in adult life.

Maternal diet is an essential factor that directly and indirectly regulates fetal growth. Exposure to certain environmental conditions substantially impacts an individual's short- and long-term health. Adipose tissue dysfunction is a worldwide chronic disease caused by improper lipid build-up in adipose tissue leading to obesity.

Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress reverses hindlimb unloading-induced hepatic cellular processes in mice.

Background: The Hindlimb unloaded mouse, an animal model of simulated microgravity demonstrates significant metabolic and hepatic derangements. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms driving liver dysfunction in Hindlimb unloaded mice are poorly characterized.

Methods: We investigated the possible contribution of dysregulated protein homeostasis by endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum stress, to liver dysfunction during HU.

Sodium fluoride induces skeletal muscle atrophy via changes in mitochondrial and sarcomeric proteomes.

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) can change the expression of skeletal muscle proteins. Since skeletal muscle is rich in mitochondrial and contractile (sarcomeric) proteins, these proteins are sensitive to the effects of NaF, and the changes are dose-and time-dependent. In the current study, we have analysed the effect of high concentrations of NaF (80ppm) on mouse skeletal muscle at two different time points, i.

Hindlimb unloading induces time-dependent disruption of testicular histology in mice.

Mechanical unloading of the body in the hindlimb unloaded (HU) mice induces pathology in multiple organs, but the effects on testes are poorly characterized. We investigated the histology and Raman spectroscopy of the mouse testes following HU condition. We divided male, c57BL/6j mice into ground-based controls or experimental groups for two and four weeks of HU.

Emerging role of caldesmon in cancer: A potential biomarker for colorectal cancer and other cancers.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a devastating disease, mainly because of metastasis. As a result, there is a need to better understand the molecular basis of invasion and metastasis and to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to aid in managing these tumors. The actin cytoskeleton and actin-binding proteins are known to play an important role in the process of cancer metastasis because they control and execute essential steps in cell motility and contractility as well as cell division.

Mitigating sarcoplasmic reticulum stress limits disuse-induced muscle loss in hindlimb unloaded mice.

Muscle disuse in the hindlimb unloaded (HU) mice causes significant atrophy and weakness. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving disuse-muscle atrophy remain elusive. We investigated the potential contribution of proteins dysregulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a condition called SR stress, to muscle loss during HU.

A rapid review of recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and vaccination for COVID-19.

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which originated in Wuhan, Hubei province, Central China, in December 2019 and since then has spread rapidly, resulting in a severe pandemic. The infected patient presents with varying non-specific symptoms requiring an accurate and rapid diagnostic tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. This is followed by effective patient isolation and early treatment initiation ranging from supportive therapy to specific drugs such as corticosteroids, antiviral agents, antibiotics, and the recently introduced convalescent plasma.

Signature molecular changes in the skeletal muscle of hindlimb unloaded mice.

Hind-limb unloaded (HU) mouse is a well-recognized model of muscle atrophy; however, the molecular changes in the skeletal muscle during unloading are poorly characterized. We have used Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the structure and behavior of signature molecules involved in regulating muscle structural and functional health. The Raman spectroscopic analysis of gastrocnemius muscles was compared between 16-18 weeks old HU c57Bl/6J mice and ground-based controls.

Estrogen-induced hypomethylation and overexpression of YAP1 facilitate breast cancer cell growth and survival.

Increased expression of Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1) was shown to correlate with reduced survival in breast cancer (BC) patients. However, the exact mechanism of YAP1 regulation in BC cells remains ambiguous. Genomic sequence search showed that the promoter region of the YAP1 gene contains CpG Islands, hence the likelihood of epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation.

Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Coronavirus has emerged as a global health threat due to its accelerated geographic spread over the last two decades. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Historically, it has caused two pandemics: severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome followed by the present COVID-19 that emerged from China.

Functional beta-cells derived from umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells for curing rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic response to injected human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCBMSCs) among albino rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Control group (GI; n = 25) rats were fed with standard rat diet. Rats with STZ-induced diabetes mellitus without (GII; n = 25) and with (GIII; n = 25) differentiated human UCBMSCs implantation were the test groups.

Sodium fluoride induced skeletal muscle changes: Degradation of proteins and signaling mechanism.

Fluoride is a well-known compound for its usefulness in healing dental caries. Similarly, fluoride is also known for its toxicity to various tissues in animals and humans. It causes skeletal fluorosis leading to osteoporosis of the bones.

Autophagy related markers (Beclin-1 and ATG4B) are strongly expressed in Wilms' tumor and correlate with favorable histology.

Background: Wilms' tumor treatment has achieved great success in the last decade. Nevertheless, some cases still fail to respond to the current multimodality therapy. These cases fall mainly in the unfavorable histology group with very few belonging to the favorable histology group.

A mixed method study to validate a two-way feedback between student and faculty to improve learning of anatomy.

Although the students are subjected to some formative exams throughout the problem based learning units, feedback is not given appropriately and timely. Students want to know and use the reasoning behind judgments and always complain that assessment criteria need to be explained. The aim of this project is to implement a two-way feedback delivery (TWFD), in which both faculty and students have an opportunity to discuss their reflections on learning and examination processes.

Variants of latissimus dorsi with a perspective on tendon transfer surgery: an anatomic study.

Background: The latissimus dorsi (LD) is often used for tendon transfers to treat massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The operation requires the LD tendon to be mobilized to reduce tension on the tendon. In that respect, any connection between the LD tendon and contiguous muscles may hamper tendon mobility and affect the surgical outcome.

Effect of sildenafil-induced nitric oxide on the histomorphology of cardiomyocytes in male rats.

Introduction: Although sildenafil citrate, one of the selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, is considered the best treatment for erectile dysfunction, studies have shown that it has also a beneficial effect on a variety of cardiovascular conditions. In spite of reports of a significant protective effect of sildenafil against necrosis in intact hearts, there are also contradictory reports regarding its beneficial effect on the heart. Since there are not enough reports regarding the histomorphological changes in the cardiomyocytes after exposure to sildenafil citrate, the present study was conducted to observe the same along with other biochemical parameters.

Unique distribution by the peroneal nerves: a case report.

Purpose: Among the branches of common peroneal nerve, the superficial peroneal provides cutaneous innervation to major part of the dorsum of the foot and deep peroneal nerve supplies the skin over the first interdigital cleft region.

Methods: The present rare case was observed during routine dissection of leg for undergraduate students, in a 52-year-old male, formalin fixed cadaver.

Results: The superficial peroneal nerve provided solely motor branches to peroneus longus and brevis, whereas cutaneous branches were provided by deep peroneal nerve.

Prevalence and pattern of dokha use among medical and allied health students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

Globally, tobacco is considered to be one among the leading causes of death. Dokha is a mixture of Iranian tobacco with aromatic leaf and bark herbs, smoked in a small pipe termed a Midwakh thought to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula. The present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence and pattern of dokha use among Medical University students.

A rare origin of abductor pollicis longus.

Abductor pollicis longus is known for its variations in the form of multiple tendons at its insertion. The present case reports about a variation in the origin of abductor pollicis longus (APL) which has not been cited in the medical literature until date. It has been shown that the intersection area where the APL and extensor pollicis brevis cross over the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) tendons in the forearm can contribute to Intersection syndrome.

The nasal septum: an osteometric study of 16 cadaver specimens.

Studies of the shape, dimensions, and other morphologic characteristics of the nasal septum are scant in the literature. We conducted a study of 16 male cadavers to measure six osseous components of the nasal septum and to calculate the proportional contribution that each made to the total septal bone surface area. We found a wide range of inter-specimen variations in both categories.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis origin, nerve supply and its role in lateral epicondylitis.

Lateral epicondylitis (LE) or tennis elbow has been the subject of concern during the last 60 years, but the pathogenesis of the LE remains unclear. The LE can be due to the tendinogenic, articular or neurogenic reasons. Numerous theories have been put fourth in the recent past, out of which one of the most popular theories is that the condition results from repeated contraction of the wrist extensor muscles, especially the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) which may compress the posterior branch of the radial nerve (PBRN) at the elbow during pronation.

Palmar type of median artery as a source of superficial palmar arch: a cadaveric study with its clinical significance.

The superficial palmar arch (SPA) and its contributing arteries are highly variable. The palmar type of median artery (PMA) can be involved in the formation of the SPA by replacing the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery (RA) or the ulnar artery (UA). The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of the PMA and its contribution in the formation of SPA in 42 cadavers (84 upper limbs) of Indian origin.