[Unification of pathomorphological examination of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pituitary gland. Controversial issues of the new classification].

The progressive improvement of the classification using modern analytical methods is an essential tool for the development of precise and personalized approaches to the treatment of pituitary adenomas. In recent years, endocrinologists have witnessed evolutionary changes that have occurred in the histopathological identification of pituitary neoplasms, revealing new possibilities for studying tumorigenesis and predicting biological behavior.The paper considers the historical aspects of the gradual improvement of the classification of pituitary adenomas, as well as the new international 2022 WHO classification, according to which pituitary adenomas are included in the list of neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) to reflect the biological aggressiveness of some non-metastatic pituitary adenomas.

[Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 depending on receiving antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and antihypertensive therapy].

Background: The main factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular accidents and mortality among patients with COVID-19 include hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Therefore, all patients with COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome should receive antihypertensive (AHT), hypolipidemic (GLT) and hypoglycemic therapy (GGT). Currently, there is a limited number of studies regarding the effectiveness and safety of this therapy in patients with COVID-19.

[Empagliflozin and heart failure: position paper of the experts on the results of the online meeting and discussion of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial].

At an international online expert meeting held on September 16, 2021, the results of the empagliflozin research program EMPA-REG Outcome, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved were reviewed. We analyzed cardiovascular and renal outcomes during the treatment with empagliflozin in patients with chronic heart failure, regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The positive results of the EMPEROR-Preserved study are updated and their significance for clinical practice is discussed.

[Selective screening of patients with associated somatic diseases as a method of early detection of acromegaly].

Backgraund: Backgraund: Acromegaly is a multi-organ disabling disease, the effectiveness of treatment of which directly depends on timely diagnosis. Latent course and delayed diagnosis increase the exposure of pathological hypersecretion of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1, contributing to the development of irreversible systemic and metabolic changes in the body that negatively affect survival.

Aims: Aims: The aim of the study was to clinically test a comprehensive diagnostic approach using selective screening to detect cases of acromegaly in patients with combined somatic diseases.

[Primary hyperparathyroidism in Russia according to the registry].

Background: There are no large-scale epidemiological studies on primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in Russia. The high prevalence of the disease, the high risk of disability and death in this cohort of patients requires the study of the epidemiological and clinical structure of PHPT to determine the extent of medical care.

Aim: Evaluate the frequency of PHPT detection and characterize its clinical forms in Russia using an online registry.

[Resolution on the results of the first working meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board «Actual problems of glycemic variability as a new criterion of glycemic control and safety of diabetes therapy»].

June 19, 2018 the meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board took place in Moscow, chaired by Professor G.R. Galstyan, (co-chair - A.

Lixisenatide as add-on treatment among patients with different β-cell function levels as assessed by HOMA-β index.

Background: The effect of lixisenatide-a prandial once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist-on glycaemic control in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), stratified by baseline β-cell function, was assessed.

Methods: The 24-week GetGoal-M, -P and -S trials evaluated the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in combination with oral antidiabetic agents. This post hoc analysis used data from patients receiving lixisenatide in these trials, divided into matched cohorts by propensity scoring, and stratified according to baseline homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) index levels, high HOMA-β: > median HOMA-β (28.

[MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH FOR DIABETIC FOOT PATIENTS IN AN OUT-PATIENT CLINIC].

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of multidisciplinary team approach in daily practice of diabetic foot.

Materials And Methods: 376 diabetic patients (446 ulcers) treated in a diabetic foot department in 2014 were examined. All patients were screened for diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy and blood insufficiency of lower extremities in order to diagnose the type of diabetic foot ulcer: neuropathic or neuroischemic.

[The clinical laboratory evaluation of accuracy of portable glucometers "Satellite Express" and "Satellite Express mini"].

The portable glucometers "Satellite Express" and "Satellite Express mini" were applied during 35 days to analyze 200 blood samples of patients with diabetes mellitus type I and II and of healthy people. The results were compared with the data of reference analyzer The results of clinical laboratory trials revealed that these glucometers have enough degree of accuracy detection of glucose in capillary blood - 100% of results are within the permissible limits as directed by ISO 15197:2003. Furthermore, 98.

[Cytokines and their role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy].

The role of cytokines is estimated in development of diabetic retinopathy. Titer of cytokines is compared in healthy subjects and patients with impaired glucose metabolism. Fundus examination and specific cytokines level assessment allowed us to conclude that cytokines directly take part in pathogenesis of retinopathy before clinical manifestation.

[Initiation of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus].

This program is designed to identify patients in whom diabetes mellitus resists therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and basal insulin administration is needed to maintain the HbA1c at the desired level below 7. Data from 2895 patients (2034 women and 851 men) were available for analysis. Only 2.

A 10-year (1996-2005) prospective study of the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Moscow in the age group 0-14 years.

Aims: To provide data on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Moscow, determined prospectively from 1996 to 2005 for a total of > 10 million subjects aged < 15 years.

Methods: Data on T1D incidence in patients with newly discovered T1D resident in Moscow diagnosed between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2005 were analysed. Primary ascertainment was based in endocrinology departments of children's hospitals in Moscow.

[Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus].

The influence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the course of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was studied in 35 patients, including 11 males and 24 females, aged 21 to 56 years (mean 37 +/- 2.6 years) who had type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) whose history was 14 to 40 years (mean 21.4 +/- 2.

[A system for preventing lower limb amputations in patients with diabetes and prospects for its introduction in Moscow].

We initiated the implementation of a program for the prevention of lower limb amputations in patients with diabetes in Moscow. The long-term goal of this project is to carry out specialized treatment and preventive measures based on diabetic foot cabinets, aimed at reducing the number of lower limb amputations in patients with diabetes mellitus, who are at risk of developing diabetic foot syndrome.

[The clinical features of acromegaly and its treatment policy according to age at the onset of disease].

The hormonal activity and the duration of an active phase of the disease are important factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of organ and system complications decreasing lifespan in patients with acromegaly. A hundred and forty patients with active acromegaly were examined to determine the age-related features of the course of the disease. According to the age by the moment of the examination, all the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) 14 patients aged 20-39 years; 2) 72 patients aged 40-59 years; and 3) 54 patients aged 60 years or more.

Influence of insulin treatment on insulin sensitivity in insulin requiring type 2 diabetes patients.

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes subjects was investigated before and 6 months after insulin administration in 43 type 2 diabetes patients (28 females and 15 males). Their age was 56.1+/-8.

[Long-term results of therapeutic education of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus].

The paper presents the results of a prospective (13-year) study of the effectiveness of a diabetes teaching and treatment program (DTTP) for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the frequency of follow-up visits to the Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The intensive follow-up subgroup comprised the patients who had visited the center at least every 4-6 months after DTTP (Group 1).

[The biochemical markers of bone metabolism in differential diagnosis of hematogenic osteomyelitis of foot bones and acute stage of diabetic osteoarthropathy].

The determination of the level of leukocytes and ESR in 25 patients was shown to be of low informative value in differential diagnostics of destructive injuries of feet in patients with diabetes mellitus. An analysis of the biochemical markers of the bone remodeling has demonstrated high informative value of this method in differential diagnostics of acute stage of diabetic osteoarthropathy and osteomyelitis that allows to use it in complex examinations of osteomyelitis suspects.

[Treatment strategy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, analysis of current approaches, basic problems, and approaches to their solution].

The shortcomings of current approaches to therapy of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are discussed. A tendency to early prescription of oral sugar-reducing drugs which are prescribed to 71% of patients during the first year of the disease was noted, as well as underevaluation of nondrug therapy. Poor efficacy of therapeutic and prophylactic care of patients with this condition is demonstrated as exemplified by quite a number of district health centers of Moscow, resulting in inadequate level of compensation, a high incidence of diabetes complications, and increase in the number of patients administered insulin therapy.

[Analysis of the quality of primary therapeutic-preventive care rendered to patients with type I diabetes mellitus].

A prospective follow-up of a random sample of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus revealed a marked decompensation of carbohydrate metabolism in 98% of the examinees, a high incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis, a long duration of temporary invalidity, and poor adherence of patients to medical recommendations. Assessment of primary health care rendered to patients with type I diabetes at district outpatient clinics of Moscow demonstrated its poor efficacy and a necessity to improve the level of specialized diabetologic care.

[Effectiveness of an intensive treatment and training program for patients with type I diabetes mellitus].

The authors analyze the results of comprehensive, prospective, controlled investigation of the program for intensive care and training of 121 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The basic principles of the program are training on a team's basis, intensive insulin therapy, auto-monitoring of metabolism, and liberal diet. The results demonstrate that glycemia level approaching the normal may be attained and maintained in the majority of patients without increasing the risk of grave hypoglycemia, cases with severe diabetic ketoacidosis may be eliminated, and periods of temporary invalidity of patients reduced by 7-10 times.