Importance of sperm density in assessing the toxicity of metals to the fertilization of broadcast spawners.

Many marine invertebrates reproduce through broadcast spawning, where sperm and eggs are released into the water column and are vulnerable to toxicants present in the environment. The potential impacts of toxicants on spawning success are often assessed through laboratory-based fertilization tests. In most cases, these tests assess toxicant impacts at a single, pre-defined sperm density, based on a sperm:egg ratio that ensures high fertilization success (≥70-80%) in a filtered seawater control.

Low sensitivity of reproductive life-stages in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to abamectin.

Hard surfaces submerged in the marine environment often become colonised by macro-organisms unless the surfaces have some form of biofouling protection. While protective paints that contain tributyltin or copper work well to prevent biofouling, release of these materials into the environment has been shown to have wider negative impacts. Consequently, new low-release antifouling paints are being developed with alternative active ingredients, such as avermectins, yet little is known about their potential effects on non-target organisms in marine environments.