Characterization of human exposure to Anopheles and Aedes bites using antibody-based biomarkers in rural zone of Cameroon.

Malaria and Aedes-borne diseases remain major causes of mortality, morbidity, and disability in most developing countries. Surveillance of transmission patterns associated with vector control remains strategic for combating these diseases. Due to the limitions of current surveillance tools used to assess human exposure to mosquito bites, human antibody (Ab) responses to salivary peptides from Anopheles (gSG6-P1) and Aedes (Nterm-34kDa) are increasingly being used to measure direct human-Anopheles or Aedes contact.

A Five-Year Malaria Prevalence/Frequency in Makenene in a Forest-Savannah Transition Ecozone of Central Cameroon: The Results of a Retrospective Study.

Objective: Understanding the epidemiological features of malaria is a key step to monitoring and quantifying the impact of the current control efforts to inform future ones. This study establishes the prevalence and frequency of malaria in a forest-savannah ecozone for 5 consecutive years in Cameroon.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 3 health centers of Makenene from 2016 to 2020, a period covering the second long-lasting insecticide net mass distribution campaign.

Durability of PBO nets (Olyset Plus®), 12 months after their distribution in Bertoua, Cameroon.

Background: The rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance has led to a change in strategy, going from pyrethroid-based nets to PBO + pyrethroid-treated nets. Although these new nets may significantly improve the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, their durability in the field remain not yet well documented. This study investigates the durability and washing resistance of Olyset-Plus nets in the city centre and rural areas of Bertoua, Cameroon.

First detection of kdr L1014F allele in Anopheles ziemanni and Anopheles pharoensis in Cameroon and distribution of the allele in members of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

Background: Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the primary resistance mechanisms present in anopheline species. Although this mutation is largely spread across the Anopheles gambiae s.l.

Physical integrity and bioefficacy of used long-lasting insecticidal nets in Makenene, Centre Region of Cameroon.

Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) are the recommended tools against mosquito-borne diseases. However, their physical integrity and bioefficacy in the field could be affected by several factors. This study evaluated the physical integrity and bioefficacy of nets used in Makenene since 2016.

Mosquito control by abatement programmes in the United States: perspectives and lessons for countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Africa and the United States are both large, heterogeneous geographies with a diverse range of ecologies, climates and mosquito species diversity which contribute to disease transmission and nuisance biting. In the United States, mosquito control is nationally, and regionally coordinated and in so much as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) provides guidance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides pesticide registration, and the states provide legal authority and oversight, the implementation is usually decentralized to the state, county, or city level. Mosquito control operations are organized, in most instances, into fully independent mosquito abatement districts, public works departments, local health departments.

Diverse novel bacteria strains and genera-specific co-infections with bacteria in Culicine mosquitoes from ecologically diverse regions of Cameroon.

The endosymbiotic bacterium infects numerous species of insects and transinfection of mosquito species is now being used for biocontrol programs as strains can both inhibit arboviruses and invade wild mosquito populations. The discovery of novel, resident strains in mosquito species warrants further investigation as potential candidate strains for biocontrol strategies. We obtained mosquito specimens from diverse Culicine mosquitoes from Cameroon including ecologically diverse locations in the Central and West Regions.

Larviciding intervention targeting malaria vectors also affects mosquito distribution in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Although species are considered to be equally affected by control measures targeting malaria vectors, there is still not enough evidence of the impact of interventions such as larviciding on the distribution of these mosquito species. The present study assessed the impact of a larviciding trial targeting malaria vectors on mosquito species in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cluster randomized trial comparing 13 treated clusters and 13 untreated clusters was implemented.

Can the use of larviciding with biological compounds contribute in increasing Anopheles gambiae s.l. susceptibility to pyrethroid in a population expressing high resistance intensity?

Background: Larviciding using non-insecticide compounds is considered appropriate for controlling outdoor biting mosquitoes and for managing insecticide resistance. However, there is still not enough information on the influence of larviciding in managing pyrethroid resistance. In the present study, we checked whether the introduction of larviciding using the biolarvicide VectoMax G in the city of Yaoundé is contributing in restoring the susceptibility of An.

Assessment of the impact of the biological larvicide VectoMax G: Combination of and on non-target aquatic organisms in Yaoundé-Cameroon.

There has been a renewed interest for larviciding during the recent decade. Although biological larvicides are considered not to be harmful to non-target organisms, there is still not sufficient data on the effect of new long-lasting larvicide formulations such as VectoMax G combining and on the environment especially on non-target organisms. The present study aimed to assess the possible influence of VectoMax G on the diversity and abundance of the aquatic fauna cohabiting with mosquito larvae in breeding habitats during a larviciding trial in the city of Yaoundé.

Malaria transmission pattern across the Sahelian, humid savanna, highland and forest eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon.

Background: Malaria remains a major public health concern in Cameroon. Understanding vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics is of paramount importance for evaluating the performance of control strategies. This study assesses patterns of malaria transmission in four eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon.

High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Makenene, a locality in the forest-savannah transition zone, Centre Region of Cameroon.

Malaria transmission and prevalence is still not well documented across Cameroon particularly in medium-sized cities or localities representing high transit zone. Different risk factors could be associated with persistence malaria transmission such as population movement from high to low transmission settings. A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out to determine malaria prevalence and risk factors in Makenene, a small city in a forest-savannah which is a crossroads between different parts of the country where travellers usually stop-over day and night to rest.

Tsetse Flies Infected with Trypanosomes in Three Active Human African Trypanosomiasis Foci of the Republic of Congo.

Introduction: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease still endemic in the Republic of Congo. Despite the continuous detection of HAT cases in the country, there is still not enough data on trypanosome infections in tsetse flies, trypanosome species and tsetse flies' species distribution in endemic foci. The present study was intended to fill this gap and improve understanding of trypanosome circulation in three active foci in the centre and south of Congo.

Assessment of Dengue and Chikungunya Infections among Febrile Patients Visiting Four Healthcare Centres in Yaoundé and Dizangué, Cameroon.

Dengue and chikungunya are now widely distributed in Cameroon, but there is still not enough information on their prevalence in different epidemiological settings. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in both urban and rural settings in Cameroon using three diagnostic tools. From December 2019 to September 2021, willing febrile (temperature >38 °C) outpatients visiting four healthcare facilities in the cities of Yaoundé and Dizangué were screened for dengue, and chikungunya.

DDT Resistance in from Northern Cameroon Associated with High Cuticular Hydrocarbon Production.

Despite the contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission, there is still not enough information on their susceptibility status to insecticides. The present study assesses the resistance profile of to DDT. WHO tube tests were used to screen mosquito populations collected from the far-north region of Cameroon for susceptibility to 4% DDT.

Mosquito Surveillance Using Ovitraps, Sweep Nets, and Biogent Traps in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Arbovirus diseases represent a significant public health problem in Cameroon and vector surveillance is a key component of prevention strategies. However, there is still not enough evidence of the efficacy of different sampling methods used to monitor mosquito population dynamic in different epidemiological settings. The present study provides data on the evaluation of ovitraps and different adult sampling methods in the city of Yaoundé and its close vicinity.

Population knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention in the locality of Makenene, Centre-Cameroon.

Background: To contribute to the mission of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and guide future interventions in Cameroon in general, and in Makenene in particular, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of Makenene towards the fight against malaria.

Methods: Using a semi-structured questionnaire, a descriptive cross-sectional household community survey was carried out in randomly selected households in Makenene, a locality situated between forest and savannah ecotypes.

Results: Out of the 413 households surveyed, all (100%) claimed to have heard of malaria with over 94% (n = 391) associating disease transmission with mosquito bites.

Rapid evolution of insecticide resistance and patterns of pesticides usage in agriculture in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Background: The practice of agriculture in urban settings contributes to the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. However, there is still not enough information on pesticide usage in most urban settings. The present study aims to assess the evolution of Anopheles gambiae (s.

Review of the Situation of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Republic of Congo From the 1950s to 2020.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), despite considerable progress in the control, is still occurring in many countries in both west and central African regions. The HAT situation in the Republic of Congo has always been overshadowed by its neighbor the Democratic Republic of Congo where over 60% of all HAT cases occur. In the Republic of Congo, HAT cases have been significantly reduced to about 20 reported cases yearly and the disease is still prevalent in few foci across the country.

Detection in Field-Collected Mosquitoes from Cameroon.

spp., known to be maternally inherited intracellular bacteria, are widespread among arthropods, including mosquitoes. Our study assessed the presence and prevalence of infection in wild mosquitoes collected in Cameroon, using the combination of and genes.