The Role of Food Matrices Supplemented with Milk Fat Globule Membrane in the Bioaccessibility of Lipid Components and Adaptation of Cellular Lipid Metabolism of Caco-2 Cells.

This study aimed to evaluate the digestive efficiency of food matrices supplemented with milk fat globule membrane isolated from buttermilk (BM-MFGM), using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol hyphenated with the assessment of the digested material on the lipid profile of the Caco-2 cell culture model. First, we examined lipid profiles in food matrices supplemented with BM-MFGM and their subsequent digestion. The results showed distinct lipid profiles in different food matrices and micellar fractions.

Application of EFSA EU menu database and R computing language to calculate the green chlorophyll intake in the European population.

The growing evidence of the health benefits of chlorophyll pigments and the claims that could arise from industry and academia require data on their common dietary intakes. This study presents data on the chronic intake of green chlorophyll in 23 European countries using standardised methodologies to manage food consumption data within the EU Menu methodology. A mean intake of 207.

Lipidomic profiling of Drosophila strains Canton-S and white reveals intraspecific lipid variations in basal metabolic rate.

Drosophila melanogaster is a well-established model system for studies on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. In this study, we identified and quantified the main components of the lipid profile of two widely utilized Drosophila strains, namely Canton-S and white, under identical experimental conditions. Differences observed between the strains can be attributed to inherent metabolic divergences, thus limiting the influence of confounding factors.

Absolute chlorophyll composition of commercial green food colorants and coloring foodstuff by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Copper chlorophyllins.

Sodium copper chlorophyllins (SCC) are used worldwide to brightly color green foods as authorized food colorants, although their composition is only partially known. This study applied a combination of experimental and in silico techniques to describe the SCC profile in commercial colorant products and coloring foods. Different approaches have allowed identifying five new chlorophyll compounds in the food colorants besides the description of unique product ions able to distinguish among different chlorophyll isomers for the first time.

Mechanisms for the interaction of the milk fat globule membrane with the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) provides infants and adults with several health benefits. These are not derived solely from its unique composition, but also from arrangement of lipids in the MFGM that, in the case of newborns, could reach the intestine partially intact. Fluorochromes associated with lipid derivatives were used to prove a fusion process between the MFGM and the cellular membrane of differentiated Caco-2 cells.

Food matrix impacts bioaccessibility and assimilation of acid whey-derived milk fat globule membrane lipids in Caco-2 cells.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) imparts human health benefits ranging from improved immune system, gut, and brain function to improved cardiometabolic health. The industry's growing interest in introducing MFGM-enriched foods requires scientific evidence that the benefits derived from this compound are not affected by the formulation or processes that may alter its function, such as the digestion process. In this study, the impact of food matrices and supplementation levels on the bioaccessibility and assimilation of MFGM lipids in cell culture was investigated.

Comprehensive chlorophyll composition of commercial green food colorants and coloring foodstuffs by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Chlorophyllins.

Consumers demand higher levels of food quality and safety, so food legislative organizations need full knowledge of food composition to develop regulations that guarantee quality and safety criteria. This is the context for green natural food colorants and the new category green "coloring foodstuffs". We have exploited the capabilities of targeted metabolomics assisted by powerful software and algorithms to unravel the comprehensive chlorophyll composition in commercial samples of both colorant categories.

The color of greater flamingo feathers fades when no cosmetics are applied.

Greater flamingos use cosmetic coloration by spreading uropygial secretions pigmented with carotenoids over their feathers, which makes the plumage redder. Because flamingos inhabit open environments that receive direct solar radiation during daytime, and carotenoids bleach when exposed to solar radiation, we expected that the plumage color would fade if there is no maintenance for cosmetic purposes. Here, we show that the concentrations of pigments inside feathers and on the surface of feathers were correlated, as well as that there was a correlation between the concentrations of pigments in the uropygial secretions and on the surface of feathers.

Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies.

Chlorophylls and carotenoids are two families of antioxidants present in daily ingested foods, whose recognition as added-value ingredients runs in parallel with the increasing number of demonstrated functional properties. Both groups include a complex and vast number of compounds, and extraction and analysis methods evolved recently to a modern protocol. New methodologies are more potent, precise, and accurate, but their application requires a better understanding of the technical and biological context.

An Integrative Approach of an In Vitro Measurement of the Digestibility of Triacylglycerols of Human Milk.

Several studies have been published regarding the effect of different factors on the digestion of milk lipids, considering their natural structural arrangement as milk fat globules and the efficiency of the digestive enzymes in the lipolysis of such complex structures. During digestion, the lipolytic products are dispersed in vesicles and micelles, which are the source for absorption of digested lipids. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the isolation of the micellar phase from the digesta to appropriately determine the amounts and classes of lipids which are bioaccessible.

Development of an accurate and direct method for the green food colorants detection.

Color impression represents between 60 and 90% of the final acceptance/rejection choice made by consumers. Consequently, color additives are attribute standards for our daily life in any market and any culture. Currently, authorized natural green food colorants comprise several copper-chelated chlorophyll derivatives.

Effect of gestational age (preterm or full term) on lipid composition of the milk fat globule and its membrane in human colostrum.

Human colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mother after birth and constitutes the ideal food for the newborn, because its chemical composition, rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, bioactive lipids, and other important molecules, is perfectly adapted to the metabolic, digestive, and immunological immaturity of the newborn. An incomplete gestational period can affect the maturity of the mammary gland and its ability to secrete milk with the proper composition for the newborn's condition. Previous studies indicate that the mammary gland modulates the profiles of bioactive lipids present in the different phases of lactation from colostrum to mature milk.

Carotenoids and Chlorophylls as Antioxidants.

Chlorophylls and carotenoids are natural pigments that are present in our daily diet, especially with the increasing tendency towards more natural and healthy behaviors among consumers. As disturbed antioxidant homeostasis capacities seem to be implicated in the progress of different pathologies, the antioxidant properties of both groups of lipophilic compounds have been studied. The objective of this review was to analyze the state-of-the-art advances in this field.

Accomplished High-Resolution Metabolomic and Molecular Studies Identify New Carotenoid Biosynthetic Reactions in Cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria and microalgae are characterized by a rich and varied profile of chlorophyll (8-20 mg/g) and carotenoid (>2.2 mg/g) pigments, being noteworthy material for natural pigment production in the food industry. We propose a systematic workflow that uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in a broadband collision-induced dissociation mode (bbCID) acquisition mode to simultaneously obtain MS and MS spectra.

HPLC-hrTOF-MS study of copper chlorophylls: Composition of food colorants and biochemistry after ingestion.

Despite the daily consumption of copper chlorophylls (E-141i), the green food colorants in foods high in fats, there is a general need for knowledge regarding their exact composition. Consequently, we have analyzed by HPLC-ESI(+)/APCI(+)-hrTOF-MS the accurate composition of different commercial copper chlorophyll colorants for the first time. Data showed a favored yield of copper pheophytins from a series, while pheophytins from b series are preferentially no complexed with copper.

Profile of Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of Includes a Catabolite Esterified with Hydroxytyrosol 1--Glucoside.

Despite the fact that chlorophyll degradation is a physiological phenomenon occurring daily in all photosynthetic tissues, chlorophyll catabolites are not fully identified. Three new forms (, , and ) of linear chlorophyll catabolites (phyllobilins) have been characterized in senescent leaves of with spectroscopic data. Compound is a hypermodified blue fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (FCC) esterified with the potent antioxidant hydroxytyrosol.

Chlorophyll Oxidative Metabolism During the Phototrophic and Heterotrophic Growth of .

Different cultivation strategies have been developed with the aim of increasing the production rate of microalgal pigments. Specifically, biotechnological approaches are designed to increase antioxidant metabolites as chlorophyll and carotenoids. However, although significant advances have been built up, available information regarding both the chlorophyll metabolism and their oxidative reactions in photobioreactors is scarce.

In Vitro Digestion for Control and Monitoring of Food Effects in Relation to Micellarization Index of Carotenoids.

The multifactorial system that influences the availability of macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytoconstituents with relevant bioactivities has been assessed by in vitro digestion protocols, which have become an effective technique to support the health-through-food strategy. The measurement of the significance of food structure, food matrix, synergies and competitive effects, processing features, and even some physiological issues has created valuable scientific and technological information, and the development of harmonized protocols. Now it is possible to make further advances by applying this knowledge to obtain data regarding the potential availability of target compound(s) in the food source within a standard meal context.

Acquisition of Mass Spectrometry Data of Carotenoids: A Focus on Big Data Management.

Accurate determination of carotenoid profile in plant tissues and food samples requires the application of hyphenated analytical resources including HPLC with high-resolution hybrid mass spectrometers. The high analytical power of modern MS equipment means the generation of Big Data resulting from the independent and complementary physicochemical properties of the target compounds that requires a complex processing to unravel the results. The present protocol describes a complete pipeline methodology for high-throughput analysis of carotenoids based on mass spectrometry (MS).

Esterified carotenoids as new food components in cyanobacteria.

Among the nutritional properties of microalgae, this study is focused in the presence of carotenoid esters in prokaryote microalgae, an event that has not been shown so far. Three carotenoid esters that accumulate in non-stressful culture conditions are identified in Aphanotece microscopica Nägeli and Phormidum autumnale Gomont, what may provide an extra value to the quality attributes of the carotenoid profile in cyanobacteria as functional foods. In addition, new data on the carotenoid characterization added quality criteria for the identification of the esterified metabolites, enabling the monitoring of these food components.

Green Natural Colorants.

Although there is no legal and clear definition of the term "natural food colorant", the market trends, and consequently industrial and commercial interest, have turned to foods with added natural pigments. This progressive substitution of artificial colorants has faced chemical complications with some colors, with a lack of stable green hues being one of them. Several strategies have been applied for green color stabilization in processed foods, from the formation of metallochlorophylls to the microencapsulation of green pigments.

Carotenoid Content in Human Colostrum is Associated to Preterm/Full-Term Birth Condition.

Factors such as lactation stage and premature and small-for-gestational conditions could lead to great inter-individual variability in the carotenoid content of human milk. The aim was to analyze the carotenoid content in colostrum and mature milk of preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) mothers to establish whether they are significantly different and, if so, the stage of lactation when the differences are established. Samples of blood, colostrum, and mature milk were collected from Spanish donating mothers who gave birth to PT or FT infants.

Bioaccessibility of Marine Carotenoids.

The benefit of carotenoids to human health is undeniable and consequently, their use for this purpose is growing rapidly. Additionally, the nutraceutical properties of carotenoids have attracted attention of the food industry, especially in a new market area, the 'cosmeceuticals.' Marine organisms (microalgae, seaweeds, animals, etc.

First-Pass Metabolism of Chlorophylls in Mice.

Scope: The dietary intake of chlorophylls is estimated to be ≈50 mg d . However, their first pass metabolism and systemic assimilation is not well characterized.

Methods And Results: A group of 30 mice are fed a diet rich in chlorophylls, while 10 mice received a standard diet without chlorophylls (control group).

Activities, bioavailability, and metabolism of lipids from structural membranes and oils: Promising research on mild cognitive impairment.

Concomitant with increased lifespan, large segments of the population are experiencing cognitive decline, which might progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, there is no cure for AD and, once the neurodegenerative disorders are established, patients use pharmacologic therapy to slow the progression of the symptoms and require appropriate care to manage their condition. The preclinical stage of neural degeneration that progress through mild cognitive impairment (MCI) before the onset of AD is when it might be possible to introduce behavioral changes and pharma-nutritional interventions that modify the risk factors of MCI conversion to AD.