Visual Evoked Potentials in Infants With Diffuse Periventricular Leukomalacia.

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by necrosis of the cerebral white matter in the dorsolateral portions of the lateral ventricles. PVL causes motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze the conduction characteristics of the visual pathway in infants with diffuse PVL using visual evoked potentials (VEPs).

Epileptic encephalopathy in children with risk factors for brain damage.

In the study of 887 new born infants with prenatal and perinatal risk factors for brain damage, 11 children with West syndrome that progressed into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and another 4 children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome that had not been preceded by West syndrome were found. In this study we present the main findings of these 15 subjects. In all infants multifactor antecedents were detected.

Effect of hearing aids on auditory function in infants with perinatal brain injury and severe hearing loss.

Background: Approximately 2-4% of newborns with perinatal risk factors present with hearing loss. Our aim was to analyze the effect of hearing aid use on auditory function evaluated based on otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), auditory brain responses (ABRs) and auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) in infants with perinatal brain injury and profound hearing loss.

Methodology/principal Findings: A prospective, longitudinal study of auditory function in infants with profound hearing loss.

3D statistical parametric mapping of quiet sleep EEG in the first year of life.

This paper extends previously developed 3D SPM for Electrophysiological Source Imaging (Bosch et al., 2001) for neonate EEG. It builds on a prior paper by our group that established age dependent means and standard deviations for the scalp EEG Broad Band Spectral Parameters of children in the first year of life.

Cerebellar gray matter density in females with ADHD combined type: a cross-sectional voxel-based morphometry study.

Background: MRI studies have shown a decreased cerebellum volume in individuals with ADHD. However, most of these studies were conducted with male children, many of whom were medicated with stimulants. As such, unmedicated, non-White girls are underrepresented in such MRI studies.

Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown decreased caudate volumes in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most of these studies have been carried out in male children. Very little research has been done in adults, and the results obtained in children are difficult to extrapolate to adults.

Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Some longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown reduced volume or cortical thickness (CT) in the frontal cortices of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These studies indicated that the aforementioned anatomical abnormalities disappear during adolescence. In contrast, cross-sectional studies on adults with ADHD have shown anatomical abnormalities in the frontal lobe region.

Analysis of auditory function using brainstem auditory evoked potentials and auditory steady state responses in infants with perinatal brain injury.

Approximately 2-4 % of newborns with perinatal risk factors present hearing loss. The aim of this study was to analyse the auditory function in infants with perinatal brain injury (PBI). Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), auditory steady state responses (ASSRs), and tympanometry studies were carried out in 294 infants with PBI (586 ears, two infants had unilateral microtia-atresia).

Motor potentials by magnetic stimulation in periventricular leukomalacia.

Periventricular leukomalacia is characterized by damage to the brain's white matter and impairments in motor function. Motor-evoked potentials by transcranial magnetic stimulation evaluate corticospinal tract function. We analyzed alterations in motor-evoked potentials in newborns with periventricular leukomalacia.

Habituation of visual evoked potentials in healthy infants and in infants with periventricular leukomalacia.

Objective: To investigate whether habituation of flash visual evoked potentials is already present during the first 3 months of life, and to explore differences between healthy infants, term infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and preterm infants with PVL.

Methods: Referential recordings to stimuli consisting of photic stimulation presented in blocks were obtained. A total of 25 blocks, 15-stimuli each, were presented.

EEG sources in a group of patients with major depressive disorders.

EEG sources were assessed in a group of patients with major moderate-severe depressive disorder (MDD) as classified by trained clinicians according to DSM-IV criteria. Frequency Domain Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (FD-VARETA) was used to calculate EEG sources. The Z-values indicated that EEG sources were abnormal (increase in current density) in all patients, with most demonstrating abnormal EEG sources in both hemispheres but with maximal inverse solution located primarily in the right.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases the number of seizures in patients with focal neocortical epilepsy.

Purpose: To evaluate the number of seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in patients with focal neocortical epilepsy before, during and after rTMS.

Methods: Twelve patients (seven men and five women, mean age 29.3+/-15.

Analysis of background EEG activity in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

Purpose: To analyze background EEG activity of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) with and without antiepileptic drugs.

Methods: We studied the background EEG activity in 18 patients with JME. The qEEG analysis included absolute power (AP), relative power (RP) and mean frequency (MF) of delta, theta, alpha and beta bands.

Changes in EEG current sources induced by neurofeedback in learning disabled children. An exploratory study.

The objective of this work was to explore Neurofeedback (NFB) effects on EEG current sources in Learning Disabled (LD) children, and to corroborate its beneficial consequences on behavioral and cognitive performance. NFB was given in twenty 30-min sessions to 11 LD children to reduce their abnormally high theta/alpha ratios (Experimental Group). Another five LD children with the same characteristics received a placebo treatment (Control Group).

Effects of two different cycles of vagus nerve stimulation on interictal epileptiform discharges.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of two cycles of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 30 s/5 min and 7 s/18 s on the interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs).

Methods: Twenty patients were studied, 12 with generalized and 8 with partial seizures. An EEG of 120 channels was performed during 3 different conditions, each one lasting 30 min: basal state (BS), 30 s/5 min and 7 s/18 s VNS cycles.

Interictal regional cerebral blood flow and electrical source analysis in patients with complex partial seizures.

Background: Recently, new methods of EEG source analysis have been developed. Dipole modeling and brain distributed source analysis localize in three-dimensions the origin of the electrical source of spikes registered in EEG. With single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), it is possible to detect hypo- and hyperperfusion zones.

Auditory steady-state responses in infants with perinatal brain injury.

Infants with perinatal brain injury present impairments in motor, visual, auditory, and cognitive functions. The most useful methods for detecting auditory alterations are auditory brainstem responses and otoacoustic emissions. Auditory steady-state responses have been reported as a reliable and objective technique for evaluating the hearing threshold.

Specific EEG frequencies signal general common cognitive processes as well as specific task processes in man.

The EEG of 10 normal male young adults was recorded during the performance of three different tasks: mental calculation, verbal working memory (VWM) and spatial working memory (SWM). The stimuli used in the three tasks were the same, only the instructions to the subjects were different. Narrow band analysis of the EEG and distributed sources for each EEG frequency were calculated using variable resolution electromagnetic tomography (VARETA).

Variable resolution electromagnetic tomography (VARETA) in evaluation of compression of cerebral arteries due to deep midline brain lesions.

Background: Hemispheric tumors produced electroencephalographic (EEG) delta activity mainly due to deafferentation of cerebral cortex. In small, deep midline lesions that compressed cerebral arteries, the most important abnormality should have been in EEG theta band that selectively responded to brain ischemia. Frequency domain-variable resolution electromagnetic tomography (FD-VARETA) has been applied satisfactorily to the study of brain tumors, cerebral infarcts, and brain hemorrhages and was shown to localize areas of hypoperfusion.

Are poor readers semantically challenged? An event-related brain potential assessment.

This study explores visual event-related potentials components in a group of poor readers (PRs) and control children who carried out figure and word categorization tasks. In both tasks, every child had to categorize between animal and non-animal stimuli in an odd-ball GO-GO paradigm. During the word categorization task, PRs presented longer reaction times, a poorer performance, longer and larger P2 amplitudes, and smaller amplitudes and longer P300 latencies than controls.

Sources of EEG activity in learning disabled children.

The sources of different EEG frequencies were studied in 25 normal children and 46 learning disabled (not otherwise specified) children between 7 and 11 years old. The EEG sources were computed using Frequency-domain Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography which produces a three dimensional picture of the currents at each EEG frequency. Significant differences between groups were observed.

Source analysis of polyspike and wave complexes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

We applied dipole modeling and brain distributed source analysis to find current sources comprising spikes and slow waves of polyspike and wave complexes (PSWC) in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The dipoles were localized in frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The frontal dipoles were clustered in the frontal medial gyrus and fronto-orbital region.

Sources of abnormal EEG activity in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Unlabelled: This report describes the results obtained with EEG source analysis in the frequency domain (FD-VARETA), in 14 patients with brain hemorrhages; 6 hemorrhages were located in the putaminal region, 1 was mesencephalic and 7 were lobar cerebral hemorrhages. Our goal was to evaluate FD-VARETA accuracy for the localization of fast growth expansive brain lesions. FD-VARETA produces brain electromagnetic tomography images of EEG sources in every frequency.

EEG source localization of interictal epileptiform activity in patients with partial complex epilepsy: comparison between dipole modeling and brain distributed source models.

The precision between dipole Brain Electric Source Analysis (BESA) and brain distributed Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (VARETA) models for the localization of brain sources of interictal epileptiform discharges in patients with partial complex epilepsy was compared. The localization of brain sources calculated with dipole analysis and variable resolution electromagnetic tomography in 20 interictal recordings was analyzed. The origin of the dipoles was temporal in 18 cases, frontal in 1 and occipital in another.