Oral paratuberculosis vaccine efficacy and mucosal immunity in cattle.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) primarily invades ruminants' small intestine via the Peyer's patches in the ileum and jejunum. Despite ongoing efforts to develop effective MAP vaccines, the effects of live-attenuated vaccines on mucosal immunity remain poorly understood.

Invited Review: Improved control of Johne's disease in dairy cattle through advancements in diagnostics, testing and management of young stock.

Johne's disease (JD; paratuberculosis) control programs have been regionally implemented across the globe, but few have successfully eradicated the pathogen (Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)) causing this disease. The limited success may partly be attributed to excluding young stock (calves and replacement heifers or bulls) from testing strategies aimed at identifying MAP-infected cattle.

PASC (Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19) is associated with decreased neutralizing antibody titers in both biological sexes and increased ANG-2 and GM-CSF in females.

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or the continuation of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) symptoms past 12 weeks may affect as many as 30% of people recovering from a SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2) infection. The mechanisms regulating the development of PASC are currently not known; however, hypotheses include virus reservoirs, pre-existing conditions, microblood clots, immune dysregulation, as well as poor antibody responses. Importantly, virus neutralizing antibodies are essential for COVID-19 recovery and protection from reinfection but there is currently limited information on these immune regulators and associated cytokines in PASC patients.

Immunogenicity and efficacy of an oral live-attenuated vaccine for bovine Johne's disease.

subsp. (MAP), the etiological agent of Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants, establishes a prolonged and often lifelong enteric infection. The implementation of control measures for bovine JD has faced obstacles due to the considerable expenses involved in disease surveillance and hindered by unreliable and inadequate diagnostic tests, emphasizing the need for an effective vaccine that can stimulate mucosal immunity in the gastrointestinal tract.

Third COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts antibody function in Rwandans with high HIV viral load.

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) poses a greater health risk to immunocompromized individuals including people living with HIV (PLWH). However, most studies on PLWH have been conducted in higher-income countries. We investigated the post-vaccination antibody responses of PLWH in Rwanda by collecting peripheral blood from participants after receiving a second or third COVID-19 vaccine.

Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection reveals distinct kinetics and emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies to variants of concern.

The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 continues to raise new questions regarding the duration of immunity to reinfection with emerging variants. To address these knowledge gaps, controlled investigations in established animal models are needed to assess duration of immunity induced by each SARS-CoV-2 lineage and precisely evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity and cross-protection afforded. Using the Syrian hamster model, we specifically investigated duration of infection acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 ancestral Wuhan strain over 12 months.

Plasma Cytokines and Birth Weight as Biomarkers of Vaccine-Induced Humoral Responses in Piglets.

Failure to mount an effective immune response to vaccination leaves individuals at risk for infection and can compromise herd immunity. Vaccine unresponsiveness can range from poor responses "low responders" to a failure to seroconvert "non-responders." Biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness, particularly those measured at the time of vaccination, could facilitate more strategic vaccination programs.

Signaling differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of high and low vaccine responders prior to, and following, vaccination in piglets.

Individual variability in responses to vaccination can result in vaccinated subjects failing to develop a protective immune response. Vaccine non-responders can remain susceptible to infection and may compromise efforts to achieve herd immunity. Biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness could aid vaccine research and development as well as strategically improve vaccine administration programs.

High-resolution analysis of long-term serum antibodies in humans following convalescence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Long-term antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 have focused on responses to full-length spike protein, specific domains within spike, or nucleoprotein. In this study, we used high-density peptide microarrays representing the complete proteome of SARS-CoV-2 to identify binding sites (epitopes) targeted by antibodies present in the blood of COVID-19 resolved cases at 5 months post-diagnosis. Compared to previous studies that evaluated epitope-specific responses early post-diagnosis (< 60 days), we found that epitope-specific responses to nucleoprotein and spike protein have contracted, and that responses to membrane protein have expanded.

Regionally Distinct Immune and Metabolic Transcriptional Responses in the Bovine Small Intestine and Draining Lymph Nodes During a Subclinical subsp. Infection.

subsp. (MAP) is the causative infectious agent of Johne's disease (JD), an incurable granulomatous enteritis affecting domestic livestock and other ruminants around the world. Chronic MAP infections usually begin in calves with MAP uptake by Peyer's patches (PP) located in the jejunum (JE) and ileum (IL).

PIIKA 2.5: Enhanced quality control of peptide microarrays for kinome analysis.

Peptide microarrays consisting of defined phosphorylation target sites are an effective approach for high throughput analysis of cellular kinase (kinome) activity. Kinome peptide arrays are highly customizable and do not require species-specific reagents to measure kinase activity, making them amenable for kinome analysis in any species. Our group developed software, Platform for Integrated, Intelligent Kinome Analysis (PIIKA), to enable more effective extraction of meaningful biological information from kinome peptide array data.

EPIphany-A Platform for Analysis and Visualization of Peptide Immunoarray Data.

Antibodies are critical effector molecules of the humoral immune system. Upon infection or vaccination, populations of antibodies are generated which bind to various regions of the invading pathogen or exogenous agent. Defining the reactivity and breadth of this antibody response provides an understanding of the antigenic determinants and enables the rational development and assessment of vaccine candidates.

A Bovine Enteric Infection Model to Analyze Parenteral Vaccine-Induced Mucosal Immunity and Accelerate Vaccine Discovery.

Mycobacterial diseases of cattle are responsible for considerable production losses worldwide. In addition to their importance in animals, these infections offer a nuanced approach to understanding persistent mycobacterial infection in native host species. ssp.

Kinome profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected prior to vaccination reveals biomarkers and potential mechanisms of vaccine unresponsiveness in pigs.

Inter-individual variance in host immune responses following vaccination can result in failure to develop protective immunity leaving individuals at risk for infection in addition to compromising herd immunity. While developing more efficacious vaccines is one strategy to mitigate this problem, predicting vaccine responsiveness prior to vaccination could inform which individuals require adjunct disease management strategies. To identify biomarkers of vaccine responsiveness, a cohort of pigs (n = 120) were vaccinated and pigs representing the high (n = 6; 90th percentile) and low (n = 6; 10th percentile) responders based on vaccine-specific antibody responses following vaccination were further analyzed.

Regional Dichotomy in Enteric Mucosal Immune Responses to a Persistent ssp. Infection.

Chronic enteric ssp. (MAP) infections are endemic in ruminants globally resulting in significant production losses. The mucosal immune responses occurring at the site of infection, specifically in Peyer's patches (PP), are not well-understood.

From Beef to Bees: High-Throughput Kinome Analysis to Understand Host Responses of Livestock Species to Infectious Diseases and Industry-Associated Stress.

Within human health research, the remarkable utility of kinase inhibitors as therapeutics has motivated efforts to understand biology at the level of global cellular kinase activity (the kinome). In contrast, the diminished potential for using kinase inhibitors in food animals has dampened efforts to translate this research approach to livestock species. This, in our opinion, was a lost opportunity for livestock researchers given the unique potential of kinome analysis to offer insight into complex biology.

Marked Differences in Mucosal Immune Responses Induced in Ileal versus Jejunal Peyer's Patches to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Secreted Proteins following Targeted Enteric Infection in Young Calves.

In cattle, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is primarily mediated through M cells overlying Peyer's patches (PP) in the ileum. The capacity of M.

Novel secreted antigens of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as serodiagnostic biomarkers for Johne's disease in cattle.

Johne's disease is a chronic gastroenteritis of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that afflicts 40% of dairy herds worldwide. M.