Pain Behaviors Analyzed by Videorecording in Brain-Injured Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.

Aim: To describe and classify pain behaviors (facial and body) in brain-injured patients with a low level of consciousness before, during, and after the performance of painful and non-painful care procedures.

Methods: Facial behaviors and body movements in brain-injured patients were videotaped at rest, during the application of three care procedures (two painful and one non-painful), and 15 minutes after completion of these procedures. Each video recording was evaluated by expert evaluators blinded to each other.

Application of the Behavioural Indicators of Pain Scale in patients with traumatic brain injury.

Aim: To develop and psychometrically test the Behavioural Indicators of Pain Scale (ESCID) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design: A prospective observational study to test the psychometric properties of the Behavioural Indicators of Pain Scale in patients with TBI.

Method: A convenience sample of patients with TBI, who were non-communicative and using invasive mechanical ventilation was selected.