Influence of maternal bone lead burden and calcium intake on levels of lead in breast milk over the course of lactation.

The authors studied 367 women who were breastfeeding their infants in Mexico City, Mexico, between 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the effect of cumulative lead exposure, breastfeeding practices, and calcium intake on breast milk lead levels over the course of lactation. Maternal blood and breast milk lead levels were measured at 1, 4, and 7 months postpartum. Bone lead measurements were obtained at 1 month postpartum.

Bone, blood and semen lead in men with environmental and moderate occupational exposure.

Lead (Pb) in blood, bone, and semen was measured in 162 to 186 environmentally exposed men from Mexico City, aged 19- 48. Semen Pb was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, blood Pb by atomic absorption spectrometry and bone Pb by K X-ray fluorescence. Mean Pb levels in blood, semen, tibia (cortical) and patella (trabecular) bone were 12 microg/dl, 2.

Cumulative lead exposure and prospective change in cognition among elderly men: the VA Normative Aging Study.

Lead exposure has been found to affect cognitive function in several different populations. Whether chronic low-level environmental exposure to lead results in cognitive decline among adults has not been examined. The authors assessed the relation between biomarkers of lead exposure and change in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in the Normative Aging Study, a cohort of elderly US men.

Impact of bone lead and bone resorption on plasma and whole blood lead levels during pregnancy.

The authors tested the hypotheses that maternal bone lead burden is associated with increasing maternal whole blood and plasma lead levels over the course of pregnancy and that this association is modified by rates of maternal bone resorption. A total of 193 Mexican women were evaluated (1997-1999) in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Whole blood lead and plasma lead levels were measured in each trimester.

Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: the normative aging study.

In this prospective study, we examined changes in renal function during 6 years of follow-up in relation to baseline lead levels, diabetes, and hypertension among 448 middle-age and elderly men, a subsample of the Normative Aging Study. Lead levels were generally low at baseline, with mean blood lead, patella lead, and tibia lead values of 6.5 microg/dL, 32.

Levels of lead in breast milk and their relation to maternal blood and bone lead levels at one month postpartum.

Despite the many well-recognized benefits of breast-feeding for both mothers and infants, detectable levels of lead in breast milk have been documented in population studies of women with no current environmental or occupational exposures. Mobilization of maternal bone lead stores has been suggested as a potential endogenous source of lead in breast milk. We measured lead in breast milk to quantify the relation between maternal blood and bone lead levels and breast-feeding status (exclusive vs.

Association between hemochromatosis genotype and lead exposure among elderly men: the normative aging study.

Because body iron burden is inversely associated with lead absorption, genes associated with hemochromatosis may modify body lead burden. Our objective was to determine whether the C282Y and/or H63D hemochromatosis gene (HFE) is associated with body lead burden. Patella and tibia lead levels were measured by K X-ray fluorescence in subjects from the Normative Aging Study.

Cognitive deficits and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult monozygotic twins with lead poisoning.

Seventy-one-year-old identical twin brothers with chronic lead poisoning were identified from an occupational medicine clinic roster. Both were retired painters, but one brother (J.G.

Relationship of bone and blood lead levels to psychiatric symptoms: the normative aging study.

Blood and bone lead levels were used to investigate lead's potential effect on psychiatric symptoms among middle-aged to elderly men from the Normative Aging Study. Symptoms were assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and analyzed as individual outcomes as well as a measure that combined anxiety, depression, and phobic anxiety. Blood and bone lead averaged 6.

Relationship of blood and bone lead to menopause and bone mineral density among middle-age women in Mexico City.

To describe the relationship of blood lead levels to menopause and bone lead levels, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 232 pre- or perimenopausal (PreM) and postmenopausal (PosM) women who participated in an osteoporosis-screening program in Mexico City during the first quarter of 1995. Information regarding reproductive characteristics and known risk factors for blood lead was obtained using a standard questionnaire by direct interview. The mean age of the population was 54.

Effect of maternal bone lead on length and head circumference of newborns and 1-month-old infants.

The authors evaluated the effects that maternal bone lead stores have in anthropometry at birth in 223 mother-infant pairs. The participants were recruited between April and November 1994. Anthropometric data were collected within the first 12 hr following delivery.

Season modifies the relationship between bone and blood lead levels: the Normative Aging Study.

Bone serves as a repository for 75% and 90-95% of lead in children and adults, respectively. Bone lead mobilization heightens during times of increased bone turnover, such as pregnancy, lactation, hyperthyroidism, and the rapid growth of childhood. Blood lead levels show seasonal periodicity.

Dietary calcium supplements to lower blood lead levels in lactating women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Pregnancy and breastfeeding mobilize lead stored in bone, which may be a hazard for the fetus and infant. We tested the hypothesis that in lactating women a dietary calcium supplement will lower blood lead levels.

Methods: Between 1994 and 1995 we conducted a randomized trial among women in Mexico City.

Corrections to "How to calculate lead concentration and concentration uncertainty in XRF in vivo bone lead analysis" by Kondrashov and Rothenberg.

Kondrashov and Rothenberg (Appl. Radiat. Isot.

Correlates of bone and blood lead levels among middle-aged and elderly women.

In 1993-1995, the authors evaluated risk factors for elevated blood and bone lead levels in 264 Boston, Massachusetts, area women previously selected for a case-control study of lead and hypertension. Bone lead was measured at the tibia and patella with K x-ray fluorescence. Blood lead was analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption.

Occupational determinants of bone and blood lead levels in middle aged and elderly men from the general community: the Normative Aging Study.

Background: Few studies of the general population have investigated risk factors for elevated levels of lead in bone in relation to occupation.

Methods: Six hundred and fifty six community-exposed men had their bone and blood lead levels measured (by K-X-ray fluorescence). Based on their occupational histories, participants were categorized into those who worked in white-collar (WC) occupations (59%) or blue-collar (BC) occupations (41%).

Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: a prospective study.

Objective: A number of prospective studies have examined lead levels in umbilical cord blood at birth as predictors of infant mental development. Although several have found significant inverse associations, others have not. Measurement of lead levels in maternal bone, now recognized as the source of much fetal exposure, has the potential to serve as a better or complementary predictor of lead's effect on the fetus.

Impact of breastfeeding on the mobilization of lead from bone.

To evaluate the hypothesis that lactation stimulates lead release from bone to blood, the authors analyzed breastfeeding patterns and bone lead concentrations as determinants of blood lead levels among 425 lactating women in Mexico City for 7 months after delivery (1994-1995). The authors measured in vivo patella and tibia lead concentrations at 1 month postpartum using K x-ray fluorescence. Maternal blood samples and questionnaire information were collected at delivery and at 1, 4, and 7 months postpartum.