Dietary Tryptophan Induces Opposite Health-Related Responses in the Senegalese Sole () Reared at Low or High Stocking Densities With Implications in Disease Resistance.

High rearing densities are typical conditions of both inland and onshore intensive aquaculture units. Despite obvious drawbacks, this strategy is nonetheless used to increase production profits. Such conditions inflict stress on fish, reducing their ability to cope with disease, bringing producers to adopt therapeutic strategies.

Humoral and mucosal immune responses in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles fed diets with varying inclusion levels of carob seed germ meal.

Many studies have assessed the effects of incorporation of plant feedstuffs in fish diets on growth performance, whereas few studies have addressed the effects of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on fish immune parameters. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on immune response of different inclusion levels of carob seed germ meal (CSGM) as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Fish were fed four experimental diets with increased CSGM inclusion levels [0% (control), 7.

Acute hyperoxia induces systemic responses with no major changes in peripheral tissues in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858).

Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis is currently farmed in recirculation aquaculture systems that often involve water re-oxygenation, which in turn may cause acute or prolonged hyperoxia exposures. In order to understand the impact of acute hyperoxia on the fish immune system and peripheral tissues such as gills and gut, Senegalese sole juveniles (30.05 ± 1.

[Endocrinology in Portugal - Census 2016. Board of the Portuguese College of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the Portuguese Medical Association].

Introduction: On September 2016, the Board of the College of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the Portuguese Medical Association carried out a national survey, about all Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Departments of the public hospitals included in the Portuguese National Health Service and a simplified version of this survey was sent to all endocrinologists working in Portugal and registered with the Portuguese Medical Association.

Material And Methods: Data related to organizational and human resources were collected, reporting the situation by the end of year 2015. The census registered 107 individuals and 27 Departments.

Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses Undertake Different Fates following Tryptophan or Methionine Dietary Treatment: Tales from a Teleost Model.

Methionine and tryptophan appear to be fundamental in specific cellular pathways involved in the immune response mechanisms, including stimulation of T-regulatory cells by tryptophan metabolites or pro-inflammatory effects upon methionine supplementation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of these amino acids on the inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in juveniles of European seabass, . To achieve this, goal fish were fed for 14 days methionine and tryptophan-supplemented diets (MET and TRP, respectively, 2× dietary requirement level) or a control diet meeting the amino acids requirement levels (CTRL).

Dietary tryptophan and methionine as modulators of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status and inflammatory response.

Amino acids regulate key metabolic pathways important to immune responses and their nutritional supply may increase synthesis of immune-related proteins. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of tryptophan and methionine on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) cellular and humoral status. The immunomodulatory effects of tryptophan and methionine during an inflammatory insult was also evaluated after intraperitoneal injection with inactivated Photobacterium damselae subsp.

Interactive effects of a high-quality protein diet and high stocking density on the stress response and some innate immune parameters of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis.

Amino acids (AA) regulate key metabolic pathways, including some immune responses. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether an increased availability of dietary AA can mitigate the expected increase in plasma cortisol and metabolites levels due to high stocking density and its subsequent immunosuppression. Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) were maintained at low stocking density (LSD; 3.

Effects of dietary amino acids and repeated handling on stress response and brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles.

The present study aimed to assess the effects of increased availability of dietary amino acids (AA) on brain monoamine neurotransmitters and the metabolic processes resulting from stressful situations in fish. Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles (24.2±0.

Dietary arginine and repeated handling increase disease resistance and modulate innate immune mechanisms of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858).

Stress is known to impair immune function and disease resistance in fish. In the present study, repeated handling was employed as a chronic stressor in order to verify whether its attributed immunosuppressive effects could be minimized by dietary arginine supplementation. Therefore, Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) were air exposed daily for 3 min during 14 days (handling) or left undisturbed (control).

Toxic effects of domoic acid in the seabream Sparus aurata.

Neurotoxicity induced in fish by domoic acid (DA) was assessed with respect to occurrence of neurotoxic signs, lethality, and histopathology by light microscopy. Sparus aurata were exposed to a single dose of DA by intraperitoneal (i.p.

Mercury chloride effects on the function and cellular integrity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney macrophages.

The objective of this work was to study mercury chloride effects on the function and integrity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney macrophages (S-HKM), and to evaluate the response of HgCl2-exposed cells to macrophage activating factor(s) (MAF) produced by sea bass head kidney leukocytes. There was considerable variability in the effects of HgCl2 on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by S-HKM. When incubated with HgCl2, cells from five out of nine fish tested showed a decrease in ROS production as compared to cells incubated with medium alone.

Modulation of the activity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head-kidney macrophages by macrophage activating factor(s) and lipopolysaccharide.

The aim of this study was to establish the requirements for macrophage activating factor (MAF) production by sea bass head-kidney leucocytes and the kinetics of macrophage activation when exposed to MAF-containing supernatants and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known macrophage stimulant. MAF activity was found in culture supernatants of total head-kidney leucocytes pulsed with 5 microg ml(-1)Con A, 5 or 10 ng ml(-1)PMA and 100 ng ml(-1)calcium ionophore, or 10 microg ml(-1)Con A alone, as assessed by the capacity to prime macrophages for enhanced production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Mixed leucocyte cultures from two or eight fish showed higher MAF activity after stimulation, indicating that a mixed leucocyte reaction was also important for MAF production.

The professional phagocytes of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): cytochemical characterisation of neutrophils and macrophages in the normal and inflamed peritoneal cavity.

In order to identify the phagocytic cells of sea bass, the peritoneal leucocyte population of fish injected intraperitoneally with Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscicida was studied by light microscopy using cytocentrifuge preparations stained by the Antonow technique for peroxidase detection. Among the leucocytes present in the peritoneal exudate of the infected fish (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophilic granular cells, lymphocytes and thrombocytes), macrophages and neutrophils were the only phagocytic cells. Neutrophils were easily distinguished from macrophages in Antonow stained preparations by the pattern of peroxidase positivity.