Dopamine modulates the retinal clock through melanopsin-dependent regulation of cholinergic waves during development.

Background: The mammalian retina contains an autonomous circadian clock that controls various aspects of retinal physiology and function, including dopamine (DA) release by amacrine cells. This neurotransmitter plays a critical role in retina development, visual signalling, and phase resetting of the retinal clock in adulthood. Interestingly, bidirectional regulation between dopaminergic cells and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells has been demonstrated in the adult and during development.

Endogenous functioning and light response of the retinal clock in vertebrates.

Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical group of biological clocks widely distributed in tissues and synchronized by the environmental day/night cycle. The retina is a remarkable model of circadian clock because it gathers photoreception, self-sustained oscillator function and physiological outputs within the same tissue. This clock plays a crucial function in adapting retinal physiology and visual function to the day/night changes and by regulating processes that are directly linked to retinal survival and phototoxicity.