Implementing molecular tuberculosis diagnostic methods in limited-resource and high-burden countries.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world with more than a million people dying of TB each year. Accurate and timely TB diagnosis has the potential to alleviate the global TB burden; therefore, one of the pillars of the End TB Strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the early diagnosis of TB, including universal drug-susceptibility testing (DST). The WHO emphasises the importance of DST before treatment initiation, using molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests (mWRDs).

Fast and noninvasive electronic nose for sniffing out COVID-19 based on exhaled breath-print recognition.

The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approach has been widely used to detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, instead of using it alone, clinicians often prefer to diagnose the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by utilizing a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory test, imaging measurement (e.g.

Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling and Limited Sampling Strategies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Pyrazinamide in Patients with Tuberculosis.

Pyrazinamide is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs. The efficacy of pyrazinamide is associated with the ratio of 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to MIC. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a limited sampling strategy (LSS) based on a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to predict AUC.

eNose-TB: A trial study protocol of electronic nose for tuberculosis screening in Indonesia.

Background: Even though conceptually, Tuberculosis (TB) is almost always curable, it is currently the world's leading infectious killer. Patients with pulmonary TB are the source of transmission. Approximately 23% of the world's population is believed to be latently infected with TB bacteria, and 5-15% of them will progress at any point in time to develop the disease.

Patients and Medical Staff Attitudes Toward the Future Inclusion of eHealth in Tuberculosis Management: Perspectives From Six Countries Evaluated using a Qualitative Framework.

Background: Digitally delivering healthcare services is very attractive for tuberculosis (TB) management as this disease has a complex diagnosis and lengthy management and involves multiple medical and nonmedical specialists. Especially in low- and middle-income countries, eHealth could potentially offer cost-effective solutions to bridge financial, social, time, and distance challenges.

Objective: The goal of the research is to understand what would make eHealth globally applicable and gain insight into different TB situations, opportunities, and challenges.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis through breath test: A systematic review.

Background: Breath tests may diagnose tuberculosis (TB) through detecting specific volatile organic compounds produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the infected host.

Methods: To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of breath test with electronic-nose and other devices against culture or other tests for TB, we screened multiple databases until January 6, 2019.

Findings: We included fourteen studies, with 1715 subjects in the analysis.

Sensitivity and specificity of an electronic nose in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis among patients with suspected tuberculosis.

Objective: To investigate the potency of a hand-held point-of-care electronic-nose to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among those suspected of PTB.

Methods: Setting: Lung clinics and Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Optimal Sampling Strategies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of First-Line Tuberculosis Drugs in Patients with Tuberculosis.

Background: The 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/minimal inhibitory concentration ratio is the best predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameter of the efficacy of first-line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. An optimal sampling strategy (OSS) is useful for accurately estimating AUC; however, OSS has not been developed in the fed state or in the early phase of treatment for first-line anti-TB drugs.

Methods: An OSS for the prediction of AUC of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide was developed for TB patients starting treatment.

Sensitivity and specificity of routine diagnostic work-up for tuberculosis in lung clinics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a cohort study.

Background: Establishing a correct diagnosis is challenging. We aimed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of routine tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic work-up in lung clinics in Indonesia, a country with the third highest TB burden and the second highest gap between notifications of TB cases and the best estimate of incident cases in the world.

Methods: In the lung clinics of the Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, we recruited all consecutive patients with symptoms suggesting TB, aged ≥18 years.

Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on the Development of Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis in Yogyakarta.

Background: the correlation between diabetes mellitus (DM) and Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has never been studied among patients with tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia, while DM has been identified to alter immune response and pharmacokinetics of TB medications that may lead to a failure of TB treatment and develop MDR-TB. Our study aimed to analyze the influence of diabetes mellitus on the development of MDR-TB.

Methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out on 356 TB patients at the Provincial Lung Clinics and Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia between 2010 and 2014.

Impact of food on the pharmacokinetics of first-line anti-TB drugs in treatment-naive TB patients: a randomized cross-over trial.

Objectives: Concomitant food intake influences pharmacokinetics of first-line anti-TB drugs in healthy volunteers. However, in treatment-naive TB patients who are starting with drug treatment, data on the influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics are absent. This study aimed to quantify the influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in TB patients starting anti-TB treatment.

Impacts of stigma on HIV risk for women who inject drugs in Java: A qualitative study.

Background: People who inject drugs have experienced stigma around the world. Stigma has been found to have negative consequences for individuals in relation to health-service use, psychological wellbeing and physical health; and for populations in terms of health inequalities. Indonesia has experienced a rapid growth in injecting drug use and HIV and little is known about drivers of HIV risk among Indonesian women who inject drugs.

Boyfriends and injecting: the role of intimate male partners in the life of women who inject drugs in Central Java.

The international literature shows that HIV-risk behaviour for women mostly occurs in the context of intimate relationships. Power imbalances in the social, economic and cultural spheres put women at risk. This paper addresses the roles of male partners in women's engagement in drug-use behaviour and drug-related HIV-risk behaviour in Indonesia.