Bone proteins are associated with cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE2-Diabetes algorithm.

Background: Typical bone proteins, such as sclerostin and periostin, have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Simultaneously, several risk scores have been developed to predict CVD in the general population. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of these bone proteins related to CVD, with the main vascular risk scales: Framingham Risk Score (FRS), REGICOR and SCORE2-Diabetes, in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Guide of management of alterations in mineral and bone metabolism during gestation and lactation.

Objective: To provide practical recommendations for the management of mineral and bone metabolism alterations in pregnancy and lactation.

Participants: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

Methods: Recommendations were formulated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence.

3D DXA Hip Differences in Patients with Acromegaly or Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency.

The skeleton is regulated by and responds to pituitary hormones, especially when the circulating levels are perturbed in disease. This study aims to analyse the between-group differences in 3D dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) parameters at the hip site among patients with acromegaly or adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) and a healthy control group. The current cross-sectional study includes data for 67 adults, 20 with acromegaly, 14 with AGHD and 33 healthy controls.

New technologies in the evaluation of bone fragility and its application in Endocrinology.

Bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the gold standard for the assessment of bone and an important predictor of fracture risk. However, most fragility fractures occur in people without densitometric osteoporosis, especially in endocrinological diseases. Fracture risk estimation tools such as FRAX have improved diagnostic sensitivity but do not include additional skeletal features.

Factors Predicting the Response to a Vitamin D-Fortified Milk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.

Background: Milk products fortified with vitamin D may constitute an alternative to pharmacological supplements for reaching the optimal levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Our aim was to analyze the response of serum 25(OH)D and its predictive factors in postmenopausal healthy women after a dietary intervention with a milk fortified with vitamin D and calcium.

Methods: We designed a prospective study including 305 healthy postmenopausal women who consumed a fortified milk with calcium (900 mg/500 mL) and vitamin D3 (600 IU/500 mL) daily for 24 months.

Analysis of Bone Impairment by 3D DXA Hip Measures in Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Pilot Study.

Context: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has been related to bone loss. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) cannot distinguish between trabecular and cortical bone compartments but the recently developed three-dimensional (3D)-DXA software might overcome this issue.

Objective: To examine the differences in DXA-derived areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and 3D-DXA parameters at the hip site between patients with PHPT and a healthy control group.

Phosphate disorders and clinical management of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia.

Serum phosphorus levels range from 2.5 and 4.5mg/dL (0.

Usefulness of Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) to Identify Bone Fragility in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism usually show decreased bone strength that are often not well diagnosed by conventional Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) is a new technique for assessing bone microarchitecture indirectly. This cross-sectional study evaluates the usefulness of TBS in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in clinical practice.

Effects of Daily Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D-Enriched Milk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Nutritional Study.

Objective: To determine the effect of the daily intake of calcium and vitamin D-enriched milk (with or without fructooligosaccharides [FOS]) on vitamin D, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors.

Materials And Methods: Two-year randomized controlled study, including 500 healthy postmenopausal women, assigned to 500 mL/day of skimmed milk to one of three groups: Low-dose (L): (120 mg/100 mL calcium, vitamin D 30 UI/100 mL), group A: calcium and vitamin D (180 mg/100 mL and 120 UI/100 mL), and group B: calcium and vitamin D (180 mg/100 mL and 120 UI/100 mL) and FOS (5 g/L). We evaluated serum 25(OH)D, bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, and biochemical data of glucose and lipid metabolism.

[Long QT syndrome and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to hypopituitarism. Report of one case].

Symptoms of hypopituitarism are usually chronic and nonspecific, but rarely the disease can have acute and life threatening manifestations. We report a 53 years old female with a pituitary adenoma that was admitted to our hospital because of syncope. The electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia with a prolonged QT interval.

Primary hyperparathyroidism.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrinological process, characterized by chronic elevation of serum concentrations of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Many years ago, the most frequent forms of clinical presentation were symptomatic renal or skeletal disease with moderate or severe hypercalcemia; however, currently, most patients have few symptoms and mild hypercalcemia. A new form of presentation called normocalcemic PHPT has also been described but clinical consequences are not well established.

Recommended vitamin D levels in the general population.

Objective: To provide recommendations based on evidence on the management of vitaminD deficiency in the general population.

Participants: Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology.

Methods: Recommendations were formulated using the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence.

Daily Intake of Milk Enriched with n-3 Fatty Acids, Oleic Acid, and Calcium Improves Metabolic and Bone Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women.

Objective: Nutritional strategies can be effective for the prevention of menopause-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a dairy product enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, oleic acid, and vitamins on cardiovascular markers and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with moderate cardiovascular risk.

Methods: One hundred seventeen healthy postmenopausal women (aged 45 ± 7.

[Update of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions. Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology].

Objective: To update previous recommendations developed by the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition for the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to different endocrine and nutritional diseases.

Participants: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

Methods: Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence.

Relationship of Dickkopf1 (DKK1) with cardiovascular disease and bone metabolism in Caucasian type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a potent inhibitor of Wnt signalling, which exerts anabolic effects on bone and also takes part in the regulation of vascular cells. Our aims were to evaluate serum DKK1 in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and to analyze its relationships with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We also evaluated the relationship between DKK1 and bone metabolism.

Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Objectives: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), even asymptomatic, have an increased cardiovascular risk. However, data on reversibility or improvement of cardiovascular disorders with surgery are controversial. Our aims were to assess the prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors in patients with asymptomatic PHP, to explore their relationship with calcium and PTH levels, and analyze the effect of parathyroidectomy on those cardiovascular risk factors.

Ischemic heart disease is associated with vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims/introduction: Discordant results about the relationship between diabetes complications and the risk of fragility fractures have been reported. Our aims were to analyze the factors related to morphometric vertebral fractures (VFs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to explore the association between the presence of VFs and the main cardiovascular risk factors.

Materials And Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study including 123 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in 72 of these patients we recorded data about the risk factors for VFs and comorbidities of diabetes including diabetes-related microvascular disease and cardiovascular disease.

Experience with cinacalcet in primary hyperparathyroidism: results after 1 year of treatment.

Objectives: To assess the characteristics of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) treated with cinacalcet and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations after 1 year of treatment.

Methods: The study included 20 patients with PHPT who had completed at least 12 months of treatment with cinacalcet (eight patients for refusal of parathyroidectomy, three for surgery not possible due to comorbidities and nine for progressive hypercalcemia prior to surgery). We recorded clinical and biochemical data at baseline, and after 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment.

Bone turnover markers in patients with prostate carcinoma: influence of sex steroids levels.

There are limited data about bone turnover markers (BTM) in androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-treated prostate cancer (PCa) patients, and the relationship between sex steroids, bone mass, and BTM has not been explored. Our objective was to analyze the influence of sex steroids levels on BTM in patients with PCa treated with or without ADT. We performed a cross-sectional study including 83 subjects with PCa (54% with ADT).

Atherosclerotic disease in type 2 diabetes is associated with an increase in sclerostin levels.

Objective: Wnt/β-catenin signaling is related to the pathogenesis of several diseases. Sclerostin is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, there are few data regarding the sclerostin levels and vascular disease.

Osteocalcin: a link between bone homeostasis and energy metabolism.

Research in animal models has demonstrated the role of osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, in regulation of energy metabolism. Those studies have led to a new concept of the bone acting as an endocrine organ by secreting osteocalcin, which acts by increasing insulin secretion, lowering plasma glucose, and increasing insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. Results in humans have been conflicting.

Gonadotropins Are Related to Lean Mass in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.

Background: It has been suggested that the changes in hormone levels that occur with menopause and aging are related to loss of muscle mass. However, the role of gonadotropins in this process is unknown.

Objectives: To analyze the relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and lean mass in a cohort of healthy women.