Innervation of the proximal human biliary tree.

The autonomic nervous system plays a role in a variety of liver regenerative and metabolic functions, including modulating bile secretion and cholangiocyte and hepatobiliary progenitors of the canals of Hering. However, the nature and location of nerves which link to the proximal biliary tree have remained uncertain. We investigate the anatomic relationship of nerves to the proximal biliary tree including the putative stem/progenitor cell niche of the canal of Hering.

Role of sodium thiosulfate therapy in the treatment of digital necrosis due to Mönckeberg sclerosis.

Accelerated vascular calcification is a well-described complication of chronic kidney disease often affecting large and small vessels alike through a variety of mechanisms. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium and phosphate balance, vitamin D metabolism, hyperparathyroidism, and endothelial injury can lead to both macrovascular and microvascular complications. We describe a 56-year-old Hispanic male with a history of end-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and medical noncompliance who developed sequential digital ischemia and necrosis involving both hands as well as right foot as a result of Mönckeberg sclerosis.

Cryptococcal osteomyelitis of the humeral head initially diagnosed as avascular necrosis.

Cryptococcal skeletal infections can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lytic osseous lesions. Clinical and radiological similarities to various disorders may lead to delay in initiation of antifungal treatment. This report describes a case of cryptococcal osteomyelitis of humeral bone in a 19-year-old female, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and treatment options.