Impact of dust and temperature on photovoltaic panel performance: A model-based approach to determine optimal cleaning frequency.

Enhancing the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems is of paramount importance, given their expanding role in sustainable energy production, carbon emissions reduction, and supporting industrial growth. However, PV panels commonly encounter issues that significantly impact their performance. Specifically, the accumulation of dust and the rise in internal temperature lead to a drop in energy production efficiency.