Simulation-based teaching of psychiatric interviewing to residents: A comparison of peer-to-peer and teacher role-play on confidence in clinical skills.

Objective: To compare the effects of two simulation-based teaching programs of psychiatric interviewing using two role-play modalities on first-year psychiatry residents' confidence in their psychiatric clinical skills.

Methods: The teaching program consisted of seven 2-hour sessions per month led by two psychiatrists and academic teachers. In the peer-to-peer role-play group, students played either the patient's or doctor's role, and case scenarios were proposed by the students; in the teacher role-play group, a teacher played the patient' role and case scenarios were written by teachers.

A systematic review of pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders.

Introduction: The data suggests that in children and adolescents, bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be strongly correlated. Even though drugs for ADHD and BD are largely accepted, there is relatively little research on the management of comorbidity in children and adolescents, particularly in terms of safety. We provide a synthesis of these findings because one hasn't been made yet.

Decrease of SYNGAP1 in GABAergic cells impairs inhibitory synapse connectivity, synaptic inhibition and cognitive function.

Haploinsufficiency of the SYNGAP1 gene, which codes for a Ras GTPase-activating protein, impairs cognition both in humans and in mice. Decrease of Syngap1 in mice has been previously shown to cause cognitive deficits at least in part by inducing alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission and premature maturation of excitatory connections. Whether Syngap1 plays a role in the development of cortical GABAergic connectivity and function remains unclear.

Direct measurement of oscillatory RhoA activity in embryonic cortical neurons stimulated with the axon guidance cue netrin-1 using fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Background Information: Rho GTPases play an essential role during the development of the nervous system. They induce cytoskeletal rearrangements that are critical for the regulation of axon outgrowth and guidance. It is generally accepted that Rac1 and Cdc42 are positive regulators of axon outgrowth and guidance, whereas RhoA is a negative regulator.

p120RasGAP Protein Mediates Netrin-1 Protein-induced Cortical Axon Outgrowth and Guidance.

The receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) mediates the attraction of growing axons to netrin-1 during brain development. In response to netrin-1 stimulation, DCC becomes a signaling platform to recruit proteins that promote axon outgrowth and guidance. The Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) p120RasGAP inhibits Ras activity and mediates neurite retraction and growth cone collapse in response to repulsive guidance cues.

The activation of ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins is regulated by netrin-1 through Src kinase and RhoA/Rho kinase activities and mediates netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth.

The receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) mediates the attractive response of axons to the guidance cue netrin-1 during development. On netrin-1 stimulation, DCC is phosphorylated and induces the assembly of signaling complexes within the growth cone, leading to activation of cytoskeleton regulators, namely the GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. The molecular mechanisms that link netrin-1/DCC to the actin machinery remain unclear.

Implication of rho GTPases in neurodegenerative diseases.

The establishment of neural connectivity implicates tight regulation of the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by axon guidance molecules. The Rho family of small GTPases, in particular Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, are important regulators of the cytoskeleton in neuronal cells acting, downstream of most, if not all, guidance cue receptors. Furthermore, recent studies using in vivo knockout mouse models provide new evidence of the primary role played by Rho GTPase signaling during the development of the nervous system.

Spatial and temporal activation of the small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 by the netrin-1 receptor UNC5a during neurite outgrowth.

Netrin-1 attracts or repels growing axons during development. The UNC5 receptors mediate the repulsive response, either alone or in complex with DCC receptors. The signaling mechanisms activated by UNC5 are poorly understood.