Background: There is a well-documented relationship and a complex interaction between atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure. The coexistence of these 2 clinical entities renders their management even more challenging.
Methods And Results: We searched current literature to review the management of AF in patients with heart failure.
Apoptosis has been found in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and has been associated with exercise intolerance. In CHF, cachexia is characterized by neurohormonal activation and muscle wasting. Neurohormonal activation can lead to cell death and fibrosis.
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