Primary carcinoma of the liver.

Primary carcinoma of the liver is rare in Western countries but it is a common malignant tumour in many parts of the tropics. Much has been learnt in recent years about its pathology, manifestations, and aetiology that is relevant to the whole field of oncology. The important distinction between carcinomas of liver-cell and bile-duct origin, the phenomenon of alpha-fetoprotein production, and the role of cirrhosis are discussed in the context of newly discovered aetiological factors such as gonadal steroids, mycotoxins, and the hepatitis B virus.

Hearing loss in prosthetically treated adults with cleft palate.

The effect of obturator treatment of cleft palate on middle ear disease and hearing loss has not been established. This study serves as an otologic and audiologic review of a previously reported adult population with cleft palate. A substantial improvement in hearing levels subsequent to obturation was demonstrated; however, it was believed to be based on stabilization of pathologic features of the ear with age.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and histogenesis.

Three cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma have been identified in a 10-year review of 2686 cases of breast carcinoma. The criteria necessary for diagnosis have been reviewed with particular reference to cribriform intraduct carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast with small, dark, 'basaloid'-cell pattern. The most important single diagnostic criterion of adenoid cystic carcinoma is a biphasic cellular pattern which may be aded by the demonstration of two types of mucin stromal acid mucopolysaccharide and ductal neutral mucopolysaccharide.

A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors in Ugandan patients.

A staging scheme for hepatocellular carcinoma was presented at an International Symposium on Liver Cancer in Kampala, Uganda in 1971. Historical, clinical, and laboratory aspects of that staging scheme were examined for prognostic significance in 72 untreated patients with this disease studied at the Uganda Cancer Institute. The median survival for the entire group was 1 month.

A guide to the histological identification of fungi in tissues.

Infections with fungi and fungus-like organisms have increased in recent years. The presence of a fungus is often unsuspected clinically and it may only come to light in the course of microscopic examination of tissues removed by biopsy or at necropsy. Subsequent culture is desirable but not always possible.

Liver cell dysplasia: a premalignant condition.

Liver cell dysplasia is defined as cellular enlargement, nuclear pleomorphism, and multinucleation of liver cells occurring in groups or occupying whole cirrhotic nodules. The prevalence, natural history, and relationship to the Australia or hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) have been studied in 552 Ugandan African patients with normal, cirrhotic, and cancerous livers. Liver cell dysplasia was found in only two of 200 (1%) patients with normal livers, in three of 43 (6.

Hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in Uganda: correlation of serological testing with histopathology.

Histopathological findings in 91 Ugandan patients with cirrhosis were studied in relation to serological tests for the hepatitis-associated antigen (H.A.A.

Helminthic pseudotumours of the bowel: thirty-four cases of helminthoma.

Human infestation with nematode worms of the superfamily Strongyloidea has been recorded from time to time to give rise to serious surgical complications. Worms of the genus Oesophagostomum are most frequently responsible. These are common parasites of ruminants, monkeys, and apes in which their histotropic phase is confined to the bowel wall and sometimes results in multiple inflammatory nodules.

Elastic vascular sclerosis of mesenteric blood vessels in argentaffin carcinoma.

Argentaffin carcinoma (carcinoid tumour) of the ileum has been found to be associated with ischaemic ileal necrosis due to elastic sclerosis of the mesenteric blood vessels. This vascular change was present in 17 out of 25 ileal tumours, all of them invasive, but was absent in 75 appendicular, rectal, and other carcinoids. The pathology is described and essential points of difference are noted from the cardiovascular changes in the carcinoid syndrome.