A Qualitative Enquiry of On-Farm Rules About Quad Bikes (ATVs): How Rules Are Determined and Implemented at a Farm Level in Rural Australia.

Objective: Quad bikes are a leading cause of death and incident-related injury on farms, yet little is understood about rules used by farmers to ensure their safe operation. This study explored rules about quad bikes set by those who live or work on farms. Through the case of quad bikes, this study sought to understand how rules are determined and implemented at the farm level.

Disruption of the crypt niche promotes outgrowth of mutated colorectal tumor stem cells.

Recent data establish a logarithmic expansion of leucine rich repeat containing G protein coupled receptor 5-positive (Lgr5+) colonic epithelial stem cells (CESCs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Complementary studies using the murine 2-stage azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium (AOM-DSS) colitis-associated tumor model indicate early acquisition of Wnt pathway mutations drives CESC expansion during adenoma progression. Here, subdivision of the AOM-DSS model into in vivo and in vitro stages revealed DSS induced physical separation of CESCs from stem cell niche cells and basal lamina, a source of Wnt signals, within hours, disabling the stem cell program.

Robust diffraction-limited near-infrared-to-near-ultraviolet wide-field imaging from stratospheric balloon-borne platforms-Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope performance.

At a fraction of the total cost of an equivalent orbital mission, scientific balloon-borne platforms, operating above 99.7% of the Earth's atmosphere, offer attractive, competitive, and effective observational capabilities-namely, space-like seeing, transmission, and backgrounds-which are well suited for modern astronomy and cosmology. The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SUPERBIT) is a diffraction-limited, wide-field, 0.

Hydroxytyrosol inhibits cancer stem cells and the metastatic capacity of triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by the simultaneous targeting of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Wnt/β-catenin and TGFβ signaling pathways.

Purpose: This study was aimed to determine the impact of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a minor compound found in olive oil, on breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and the migration capacity of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines through the alteration of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and embryonic signaling pathways.

Methods: BCSCs self-renewal was determined by the mammosphere-forming efficiency in SUM159PT, BT549, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T TNBC cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis of CD44/CD24 and aldehyde dehydrogenase positive (ALDH) subpopulations, migration by the "wound healing assay", invasion and Western blot of EMT markers and TGFβ signaling were investigated in SUM159PT, BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.

Establishing estrogen-responsive mouse mammary organoids from single Lgr5 cells.

Recent evidence suggests that mammary cells expressing R-spondin receptor and Wnt pathway regulator Lgr5, regarded as a stem cell marker in multiple tissues, might represent mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Whether L gr5 marks a multipotent subpopulation of Lin-CD24CD49f MaSCs remains controversial. To some extent the differing results reflect different assays used to assess properties of stemness, including lineage tracing in vivo, mammosphere culture, and mammary fat pad transplantation assays.

Wnt5a Signals through DVL1 to Repress Ribosomal DNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase I.

Ribosome biogenesis is essential for cell growth and proliferation and is commonly elevated in cancer. Accordingly, numerous oncogene and tumor suppressor signaling pathways target rRNA synthesis. In breast cancer, non-canonical Wnt signaling by Wnt5a has been reported to antagonize tumor growth.

Antibiotic use for Vibrio infections: important insights from surveillance data.

Background: There is a paucity of data on the in vivo efficacy of antibiotics for lethal Vibrio species. Analyses of long-term surveillance datasets may provide insights into use of antibiotics to decrease mortality.

Methods: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance (COVIS) dataset from 1990 to 2010, with 8056 records, was analysed to ascertain trends in antibiotics use and mortality.

Both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling independently promote stem cell growth in mammospheres.

The characterization of mammary stem cells, and signals that regulate their behavior, is of central importance in understanding developmental changes in the mammary gland and possibly for targeting stem-like cells in breast cancer. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a signaling mechanism associated with maintenance of self-renewing stem cells in many tissues, including mammary epithelium, and can be oncogenic when deregulated. Wnt1 and Wnt3a are examples of ligands that activate the canonical pathway.

Medical graduates becoming rural doctors: rural background versus extended rural placement.

Objectives: To determine whether recruitment of rural students and uptake of extended rural placements are associated with students' expressed intentions to undertake rural internships and students' acceptance of rural internships after finishing medical school, and to compare any associations.

Design, Setting And Participants: Longitudinal study of three successive cohorts (commencing 2005, 2006, 2007) of medical students in the Sydney Medical Program (SMP), University of Sydney, New South Wales, using responses to self-administered questionnaires upon entry to and exit from the Sydney Medical School and data recorded in rolls.

Main Outcome Measures: Students' expressed intentions to undertake rural internships, and their acceptance of rural internships after finishing medical school.

Dysregulation of PAD4-mediated citrullination of nuclear GSK3β activates TGF-β signaling and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells.

Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme that converts arginine and methylarginine residues to citrulline, with histone proteins being among its best-described substrates to date. However, the biological function of this posttranslational modification, either in histones or in nonhistone proteins, is poorly understood. Here, we show that PAD4 recognizes, binds, and citrullinates glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), both in vitro and in vivo.

LRP6 exerts non-canonical effects on Wnt signaling during neural tube closure.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6 (Lrp6) mutational effects on neurulation were examined using gain (Crooked tail, Lrp6(Cd)) and loss (Lrp6(-)) of function mouse lines. Two features often associated with canonical Wnt signaling, dorsal-ventral patterning and proliferation, were no different from wild-type (WT) in the Lrp6(Cd/Cd) neural tube. Lrp6(-/-) embryos showed reduced proliferation and subtle patterning changes in the neural folds.

Atypical protein kinase Cι is required for Wnt3a-dependent neurite outgrowth and binds to phosphorylated dishevelled 2.

Previously we reported that Wnt3a-dependent neurite outgrowth in Ewing sarcoma family tumor cell lines was mediated by Frizzled3, Dishevelled (Dvl), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Endo, Y., Beauchamp, E., Woods, D.

Functional consequences of Wnt-induced dishevelled 2 phosphorylation in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling.

Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins are intracellular effectors of Wnt signaling that have essential roles in both canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways. It has long been known that Wnts stimulate Dvl phosphorylation, but relatively little is known about its functional significance. We have previously reported that both Wnt3a and Wnt5a induce Dvl2 phosphorylation that is associated with an electrophoretic mobility shift and loss of recognition by monoclonal antibody 10B5.

Eye health services for Aboriginal people in the western region of NSW, 2010.

Aim: To assess the availability, accessibility and uptake of eye health services for Aboriginal people in western NSW in 2010.

Methods: The use of document review, observational visits, key stakeholder consultation and service data reviews, including number of cataract operations performed, to determine regional service availability and use.

Results: Aboriginal people in western NSW have a lower uptake of tertiary eye health services, with cataract surgery rates of 1750 per million for Aboriginal people and 9702 per million for non-Aboriginal people.

Noncanonical Wnt signaling promotes osteoclast differentiation and is facilitated by the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir.

Wnt proteins that signal via the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway directly regulate osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, most studies of Wnt-related effects on osteoclasts involve indirect changes. While investigating bone mineral density loss in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV), we observed that RTV decreased nuclear localization of β-catenin, critical to canonical Wnt signaling, in primary human and murine osteoclast precursors.

AUSDRISK - application in general practice.

Background: The Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK) has been promoted since July 2008. We studied its application rate and the profile of a sample of general practice patients within Central West New South Wales from June to December 2010.

Methods: Stage one assessed the awareness and application of AUSDRISK among general practitioners and general practice registrars.

Ross River virus disease in inland NSW: higher than average notifications in 2007-08.

This study showed that Ross River virus notifications in the Greater Western Area Health Service of NSW were higher in 2007-08 than any other financial year for the 1997-2009 period. The study also examined the epidemiology of those notifications. Notification and population data were retrieved from the NSW Health Notifiable Diseases Database and HOIST Populations Library respectively.

Cobalt uptake and binding in human red blood cells.

The basal uptake and cytoplasmic binding of cobalt was studied in human red cells using (57)Co as tracer. The basal uptake is linear with time, at a rate of about 10 μmol (l cells)(-1) h(-1) at 100 μM [Co(2+)](o), and is almost irreversible, as there is hardly any efflux into excess EDTA. Ionophore A23187 mediates a rapid equilibration of Co(2+) across the cell membrane leading to a marked accumulation, reflecting effective cytoplasmic buffering.

Peripheral neuropathy in military aircraft maintenance workers in Australia.

Objective: This study aimed to examine possible persisting peripheral neuropathy in a group who undertook fuel tank repairs on F-111 aircraft, relative to two contemporaneous comparison groups.

Methods: Vibration perception threshold (VPT) was tested using biothesiometry in 614 exposed personnel, compared with two unexposed groups (513 technical trades and 403 nontrades). Regression modeling was used to examine associations, adjusting for possible confounders.

An RNAi-based chemical genetic screen identifies three small-molecule inhibitors of the Wnt/wingless signaling pathway.

Misregulated β-catenin responsive transcription (CRT) has been implicated in the genesis of various malignancies, including colorectal carcinomas, and it is a key therapeutic target in combating various cancers. Despite significant effort, successful clinical implementation of CRT inhibitory therapeutics remains a challenging goal. This is, in part, because of the challenge of identifying inhibitory compounds that specifically modulate the nuclear transcriptional activity of β-catenin while not affecting its cytoskeletal function in stabilizing adherens junctions at the cell membrane.

Mammary stem cells and cancer: roles of Wnt signaling in plain view.

The likely roles of Wnt signaling in regulating mammary stem cell behavior have been much discussed, in part because they may underlie the oncogenic effects of Wnt signaling in mammary tissue. Two recent papers add important data to this field. One tests directly the effects of purified Wnt protein on mouse mammary stem cells in culture and finds a specific increase in the proportion of cells with self-renewing stem cell phenotypes.

Evidence of pertussis clusters in three aged-care facilities in the former Macquarie Area Health Service, NSW.

During a limited outbreak of pertussis in an area health service in NSW, three clusters occurred in aged-care facilities--the first reported outbreaks of pertussis in Australian nursing homes. The attack rates across the three clusters were 16.7% for staff and 15.

Wnt signaling in liver cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. As in many other types of cancer, aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is an important contributor to tumorigenesis. In HCC this frequently occurs through mutations in the N-terminal region of beta-catenin that stabilize the protein and permit an elevated level of constitutive transcriptional activation by beta-catenin/TCF complexes.