Characterisation of ACP5 missense mutations encoding tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase associated with spondyloenchondrodysplasia.

Biallelic mutations in ACP5, encoding tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), have recently been identified to cause the inherited immuno-osseous disorder, spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD). This study was undertaken to characterize the eight reported missense mutations in ACP5 associated with SPENCD on TRACP expression. ACP5 mutant genes were synthesized, transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells and stably expressing cell lines were established.

The Relationship Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Symptom Distress in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy.

Background: Symptom distress often occurs in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, a biomarker has not been identified to reflect the severity of their symptom distress.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between symptom distress and serum inflammatory biomarkers in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Effects of bariatric weight loss surgery on glucose metabolism, inflammatory cytokines, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a in obese Chinese adults.

Background: We determined effects of bariatric weight loss surgery on serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP 5a), inflammatory cytokines and glucose homeostasis in severely obese Chinese adults.

Methods: Severely obese adults undergoing bariatric surgery were recruited. Anthropometry, insulin resistance (IR), inflammatory markers and serum TRACP 5a were measured at baseline and 3, 6 and 12months postoperatively.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a in sarcoidosis: further evidence for a novel macrophage biomarker in chronic inflammation.

Background/purpose: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) 5a is expressed strongly in inflammatory macrophages (MΦ). Serum TRACP5a is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients with extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid nodules, in a percentage of patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease, and may be a risk marker for acute myocardial infarction. This proof-of-concept study was undertaken in patients with sarcoidosis to further substantiate our hypothesis that TRACP5a protein is a biomarker for macrophages in other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Applications and performance of monoclonal antibodies to human tartrate resistant acid phosphatase.

Background: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) is an enzyme common to cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and a clinically relevant biomarker for osteoclasts and inflammatory macrophages. The purpose was to assess applications and performance of six anti-TRACP monoclonal antibodies.

Methods: Mab9C5, 14G6, 162, 203, 220, and 89 were used as capture and detection antibodies in quantitative immunoassay, and for western blot (WB), immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry of paraffin sections containing chronic inflammatory infiltrates.

Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5a (TRACP5a) as a potential risk marker in cardiovascular disease.

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the association between serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP5a) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

Methods: Four hundred patients were enrolled including, 291 asymptomatic subjects grouped by the number of traditional risk factors, 36 patients undergoing cardiac arteriography, 34 undergoing percutaneous cardiac intervention, and 39 with acute myocardial infarction. Serum was collected at baseline and, in arteriograpy and intervention groups, periodically for 1 week afterward.

Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b) activity as a biomarker for bone metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Background: Diagnosis and follow-up of bone metastasis (BMet) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients usually rely on symptoms and image studies. A serum marker of bone resorption may improve the quality of treatment in such patients. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b) is a specific marker for osteoclasts and we proposed it can be used as a marker of BMet in NSCLC patients.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP 5b) as a serum maker for cancer with bone metastasis.

The spread of cancer to bone is considered a terminal event. Two main types of bone metastasis can manifest, i.e.

Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b activity as a prognostic marker of survival in breast cancer with bone metastasis.

Background: Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) activity is a marker of osteoclast number and is elevated in breast cancer (BC) patients with extensive bone metastasis, which might in turn reflect the tumour burden. We tested the hypothesis that baseline serum TRACP 5b activity and its interval change are potential prognostic markers of survival in BC patients with bone metastasis.

Methods: We analyzed the data from previous prospective studies.

Biology and clinical significance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases: new perspectives on an old enzyme.

Type 5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been a clinically relevant biomarker for about 50 years. It has always been a reliable and specific cytochemical marker for hairy cell leukemia and for differentiated cells of monocytic lineage. Only recently has the test for serum TRAP activity been accepted as sensitive and specific enough for clinical use as a marker of osteoclasts and bone resorption.

Effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory cytokines, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a in obese Chinese male adolescents.

The benefits of exercise on glucose metabolism, inflammation, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP 5a) protein levels in Chinese male adolescents have not been extensively analyzed. Therefore, we examined the effects of a 12-week exercise program on weight, adiposity, insulin sensitivity (IS), and inflammatory marker expression, including the novel macrophage marker TRACP 5a, in obese Chinese male adolescents. A total of 106 male adolescents were recruited from the Army Academy in Taiwan and classified as lean (body mass index [BMI], 20.

Specificity and clinical performance of two commercial TRACP 5b immunoassays.

Two forms of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) circulate in human blood, TRACP 5a derived from inflammatory macrophages and TRACP 5b derived from osteoclasts. Serum TRACP 5b is a clinically useful marker of osteoclast number and bone resorption. We have studied TRACP 5b specificity of two commercially available immunoassays that are stated to be TRACP 5b specific, the BoneTRAP assay and the MetraTRAP5b assay, and investigated their clinical performance for monitoring the efficacy of alendronate treatment.

Clinical performance of six different serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase assays for monitoring alendronate treatment.

Two forms of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) circulate in human blood, TRACP 5a derived from inflammatory macrophages and TRACP 5b derived from osteoclasts. We compared the clinical performance of the following TRACP immunoassays for monitoring alendronate treatment in postmenopausal women: 1) TRACP 5b activity using a selective pH; 2) TRACP 5b activity using a selective substrate; 3) Total TRACP activity; 4) Total TRACP protein amount; 5) TRACP 5a activity; 6) TRACP 5a protein amount. TRACP and other bone turnover markers were measured before the start of treatment and at 3 months.

Analysis by siRNA_profile program displays novel thermodynamic characteristics of highly functional siRNA molecules.

Objective: Here we report the improved results of a new siRNA design program and analysis tool called siRNA_profile that reveals an additional criterion for bioinformatic search of highly functional siRNA sequences.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed over 2400 siRNA sequences from 34 genes and with known efficacies to categorize factors that differentiate highly, moderately and non-functional siRNA sequences in more detail. We tested the biological relevance of siRNA_profile in CHO cells stably expressing human TRACP.

Significance of serum TRACP in rheumatoid arthritis.

Human serum contains two related isoforms of TRACP: TRACP 5a and TRACP 5b. Serum TRACP 5a protein is increased in about one third of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera. This study was undertaken to examine the significance of serum TRACP isoforms 5a and 5b as disease markers of inflammation and bone destruction in RA.

The semiquantitative bone scintigraphy index correlates with serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in breast cancer patients with bone metastasis.

Objective: To determine if a correlation exists between the semiquantitative bone scintigraphy index (SQBSI) and serum tartrateresistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b) activity, a novel osteoclast marker that has been shown to be useful for monitoring bone metastasis in breast cancer (BC) patients.

Participants And Methods: Among patients enrolled in 2 prospective studies conducted at Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, between December 2000 and July 2002, we identified post hoc 52 patients with both BC and bone metastasis who had detailed records of clinical condition, bone scintigraphy, and concordant serum TRACP5b levels. Between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2005, we performed bone scintigraphy and serum TRACP5b activity assays to monitor these patients, while they were treated according to clinical need.

Sequence and TLR9 independent increase of TRACP expression by antisense DNA and siRNA molecules.

Unlabelled: Reactive oxygen species generating activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) has been suggested to have several functions in TRACP expressing bone resorbing osteoclasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This work aimed to study the TRACP knock down phenotype in osteoclasts by using antisense DNA and RNA interference methods. Unexpectedly, both TRACP specific DNA oligonucleotides and siRNA molecules extensively increased the TRACP expression in human osteoclasts and monocytes.

RNA interference tolerates 2'-fluoro modifications at the Argonaute2 cleavage site.

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules with good gene-silencing properties are needed for drug development based on RNA interference (RNAi). An initial step in RNAi is the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex RISC, which requires degradation of the sense strand of the siRNA duplex. Although various chemical modifications have been introduced to the antisense strand, modifications to the Argonaute2 (Ago2) cleavage site in the sense strand have, so far, not been described in detail.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as an immunohistochemical marker for inflammatory macrophages.

Human serum contains 2 isoforms of type-5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP): 5a and 5b. TRACP-5b is osteoclastic. Our goal was to determine if serum TRACP-5a could originate from inflammatory macrophages (MPhi).

Effects of calcitriol on type 5b tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and interleukin-6 in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Background/aims: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is characterized by high bone turnover and elevated serum bone remodeling markers. Elevation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels is also characteristic of end-stage renal disease. This study investigates the effects of intravenous calcitriol on serum bone resorptive markers, namely, type 5b tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP5b) and IL-6 in patients with SHP.

Effects of proteolysis and reduction on phosphatase and ROS-generating activity of human tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.

Osteoclasts and macrophages express high amounts of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), an enzyme with unknown biological function. TRACP contains a disulfide bond, a protease-sensitive loop peptide, and a redox-active iron that can catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied the effects of proteolytic cleavage by trypsin, reduction of the disulfide bond by beta-mercaptoethanol, and reduction of the redox-active iron by ascorbate on the phosphatase and ROS-generating activity of baculovirus-generated recombinant human TRACP.

Development of immunoassays for serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5a.

Background: Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) consists of 2 structurally related isoforms, TRACP 5a and 5b. TRACP 5b is from bone-resorbing osteoclasts. TRACP 5a may be a macrophage product of inflammation.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a useful serum marker for extensive bone metastasis in breast cancer patients.

Purpose: Previous studies showed that serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b) activity was increased in 70% to 94% of breast cancer (BC) patients with bone metastasis (BM). This study aims to determine whether serum TRACP5b is useful for identifying limited or extensive BM in BC patients.

Experimental Design: Serum TRACP5b activity was measured in 168 BC patients, including 81 who were newly diagnosed with early BC, 20 with extraosseous metastasis, 24 with limited BM, and 43 with extensive BM.

Evaluation of the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b in normal Chinese children--a novel marker for bone growth.

Background: Most parents are very concerned about the height of their children. Biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption may provide useful clinical predictors for bone growth. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAcP 5b) has been advocated as a biomarker of osteoclast activity and bone resorption.