Infant feeding experiences among Indigenous communities in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa: a scoping review of the qualitative literature.

Background: Although exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, research suggests that breastfeeding initiation rates and duration among Indigenous communities differ from this recommendation. Qualitative studies point to a variety of factors influencing infant feeding decisions; however, there has been no collective review of this literature published to date. Therefore, the objective of this scoping review was to identify and summarize the qualitative literature regarding Indigenous infant feeding experiences within Canada, the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa.

Determinants of Anishinabeck infant and early childhood growth trajectories in Northwestern Ontario, Canada: a cohort study.

Background: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm emphasizes the significance of early life factors for the prevention of chronic health conditions, like type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity, which disproportionately affect First Nations communities in Canada. Despite increasing DOHaD research related to maternal health during pregnancy, early childhood growth patterns, and infant feeding practices with many populations, data from First Nations communities in Canada are limited. In partnership with Sandy Lake First Nation, the aims of this project were to characterize birthweights and growth patterns of First Nations infants/children over the first 6 years of life and to study the impact of maternal and infant social and behavioral factors on birthweight and growth trajectories.

Association of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance with Incident Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Obesity Status: The IRAS Family Study.

Objective: Although increasing evidence suggests that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a major underlying cause of metabolic syndrome (MetS), few studies have measured VAT at multiple time points in diverse populations. VAT and insulin resistance were hypothesized to differ by MetS status within BMI category in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study and, further, that baseline VAT and insulin resistance and increases over time are associated with incident MetS.

Methods: Generalized estimating equations were used for differences in body fat distribution and insulin resistance by MetS status.

Influence of Preexisting Diabetes on Survival After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis in First Nations Women in Ontario, Canada.

Purpose: Survival after a breast cancer diagnosis is poorer in First Nations women with a preexisting comorbidity compared with comorbidity-free First Nations women in Ontario, Canada. Given the high prevalence of diabetes in this population, it is important to determine whether preexisting diabetes is related to poorer survival after a breast cancer diagnosis.

Methods: All First Nations women were identified from a cohort of First Nations people diagnosed with breast cancer in diagnostic periods-1995 to 1999 and 2000 to 2004-and seen at a regional cancer program (RCP) in Ontario.

Delayed timing of post-challenge peak blood glucose predicts declining beta cell function and worsening glucose tolerance over time: insight from the first year postpartum.

Aims/hypothesis: On cross-sectional assessment, a delayed timing of the peak blood glucose level at ≥60 min post-challenge on an OGTT is associated with beta cell dysfunction. In this context, we hypothesised that longitudinal changes in the timing of this peak might predict changes in glucose metabolism. We thus sought to evaluate the longitudinal associations of changes in the timing of the peak glucose level with changes over time in insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance.

Insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance are heritable and have strong genetic correlation in Mexican Americans.

Objective: The GUARDIAN (Genetics UndeRlying DIAbetes in HispaNics) consortium is described, along with heritability estimates and genetic and environmental correlations of insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI).

Methods: GUARDIAN is comprised of seven cohorts, consisting of 4,336 Mexican-American individuals in 1,346 pedigrees. Insulin sensitivity (SI ), MCRI, and acute insulin response (AIRg) were measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in four cohorts.

Fasting capillary glucose as a screening test for ruling out gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: A common approach to screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the testing of all pregnant women with a one-hour, 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) when the GCT is positive (≥ 7.8 mmol/L). As only a small subset of those with a positive GCT will have GDM, many more women undergo the OGTT than may be necessary.

Genetic analysis of adiponectin variation and its association with type 2 diabetes in African Americans.

Objective: Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that has been implicated in a variety of metabolic disorders, including T2D and cardiovascular disease. Studies evaluating genetic variants in ADIPOQ have been contradictory when testing association with T2D in different ethnic groups.

Design And Methods: In this study, 18 SNPs in ADIPOQ were tested for association with plasma adiponectin levels and diabetes status.

Association between ADIPOQ SNPs with plasma adiponectin and glucose homeostasis and adiposity phenotypes in the IRAS Family Study.

Context: Adiponectin is an adipocytokine associated with a variety of metabolic traits. These associations in human studies, in conjunction with functional studies in model systems, have implicated adiponectin in multiple metabolic processes.

Objective: We hypothesize that genetic variants associated with plasma adiponectin would also be associated with glucose homeostasis and adiposity phenotypes.

Impact of maternal physical activity and infant feeding practices on infant weight gain and adiposity.

Increasing evidence supports the contribution of intrauterine environmental exposures on obesity risk in offspring. Few studies have included maternal and infant lifestyle factors. Our objective was to study the impact of maternal physical activity, infant feeding, and screen time on offspring weight gain and adiposity.

Estimating the contributions of rare and common genetic variations and clinical measures to a model trait: adiponectin.

Common genetic variation frequently accounts for only a modest amount of interindividual variation in quantitative traits and complex disease susceptibility. Circulating adiponectin, an adipocytokine implicated in metabolic disease, is a model for assessing the contribution of genetic and clinical factors to quantitative trait variation. The adiponectin locus, ADIPOQ, is the primary source of genetically mediated variation in plasma adiponectin levels.

Relationship of insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and adiposity with insulin clearance in a multiethnic population: the insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis study.

Objective: We aimed to examine insulin clearance, a compensatory mechanism to changes in insulin sensitivity, across sex, race/ethnicity populations, and varying states of glucose tolerance.

Research Design And Methods: We measured insulin sensitivity index (S(I)), acute insulin response (AIR), and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in 1,295 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Results: MCRI was positively related to S(I) and negatively to AIR and adiposity across sex, race/ethnicity populations, and varying states of glucose tolerance, adiposity, and family history of diabetes.

Circadian variation in the response to the glucose challenge test in pregnancy: implications for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: A common approach to screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the universal testing of all pregnant women with a 1-h, 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in those in whom the GCT is positive (≥7.8 mmol/L). More important, the GCT is performed at any time of day, but there has been limited study of the effect of time of day on test performance.

Effect of maternal weight, adipokines, glucose intolerance and lipids on infant birth weight among women without gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: The delivery of excess maternal nutrients to the fetus is known to increase the risk of macrosomia, even among infants of women without gestational diabetes mellitus. With the current obesity epidemic, maternal adiposity and its associated effects on circulating adipokines and inflammatory proteins may now have a greater impact on fetal growth. We sought to evaluate the independent effects of maternal glycemia, lipids, obesity, adipokines and inflammation on infant birth weight.

A socioecological framework to understand weight-related issues in Aboriginal children in Canada.

Obesity prevention efforts in Aboriginal (First Nations, Métis, or Inuit) communities in Canada should focus predominantly on children given their demographic significance and the accelerated time course of occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Aboriginal population. A socioecological model to address childhood obesity in Aboriginal populations would focus on the numerous environments at different times in childhood that influence weight status, including prenatal, sociocultural, family, and community environments. Importantly, for Aboriginal children, obesity interventions need to also be situated within the context of a history of colonization and inequities in the social determinants of health.

Circulating levels of TNF-α are associated with impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and ethnicity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Objective: Although several epidemiological studies have investigated associations between TNF-α and insulin resistance, results have been inconsistent. We studied the relationship between TNF-α and glucose tolerance status as part of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Research Design And Methods: Serum concentrations of TNF-α were measured in 1558 individuals in a triethnic population across a spectrum of glucose tolerance.

Postpartum metabolic function in women delivering a macrosomic infant in the absence of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with fetal macrosomia and maternal postpartum dysglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. Indeed, in practice, a prior pregnancy that resulted in a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) delivery is often considered presumptive evidence of GDM, whether or not it was diagnosed at the time. If this clinical assumption is correct, however, we would expect these women to exhibit postpartum metabolic dysfunction.

Hepatic insulin resistance is an early determinant of declining β-cell function in the first year postpartum after glucose intolerance in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE The increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women with glucose intolerance in pregnancy is mediated by deterioration of their β-cell function, which occurs as early as the first year postpartum. We thus sought to identify early determinants of their declining β-cell function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Women with recent gestational glucose intolerance (166) underwent oral glucose tolerance test at 3 and 12 months postpartum.

Adiponectin and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Hispanics and African Americans: the IRAS Family Study.

Objective: A recent meta-analysis of 13 prospective studies reported that higher levels of adiponectin were significantly associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Most previous studies, however, were limited in their ability to adjust for appropriate confounding variables. Our objective, therefore, was to study this association after adjustment for directly measured adiposity and insulin sensitivity, expressed as the insulin sensitivity index (S(I)).

Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes of glucose effectiveness in relation to glucose tolerance: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study.

Objective: Glucose effectiveness (S(G)), the capacity of glucose to enhance its own disposition, is an independent predictor of future diabetes. However, there are data on cross-sectional and longitudinal changes of S(G) and its components, basal insulin effect on S(G) (BIE) and S(G) at zero insulin (GEZI), but the natural course of S(G) has not been described in a large population.

Research Design And Methods: S(G) was measured at baseline in 1,265 participants (aged 40-69 years) and at the 5-year examination in 827 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.

Major gaps in diabetes clinical care among Canada's First Nations: results of the CIRCLE study.

Aims: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to document the clinical management of type 2 diabetes and related complications in Canada's First Nations.

Methods: Patients were randomly selected from 19 communities. Data from charts from consenting patients were collected.

Window to the brain: Can retinopathy be used to assess cognitive function.

Objective: Retinopathy status as a screening method to predict cognitive health is limited. The objective of this study was to examine the association between retinopathy and lowered cognitive performance in a Canadian First Nations population.

Methods: Eligible individuals were assessed by the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and the Trail Making Test Parts A and B, which were combined into an executive function score (TMT-exec).

Disposition index, glucose effectiveness, and conversion to type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).

Objective: Disposition index (DI) and glucose effectiveness (S(G)) are risk factors for diabetes. However, the effect of DI and S(G) on future diabetes has not been examined in large epidemiological studies using direct measures.

Research Design And Methods: Insulin sensitivity index (S(I)), acute insulin response (AIR), and S(G) were measured in 826 participants (aged 40-69 years) in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.