Risk factors for fracture in adult kidney transplant recipients.

Aim: To determine the general and transplant-specific risk factors for fractures in kidney transplant recipients.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study of all adults who received a kidney-only transplant (n = 2723) in Ontario, Canada between 2002 and 2009. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to determine general and transplant-specific risk factors for major fractures (proximal humerus, forearm, hip, and clinical vertebral).

Frequency of bone mineral density testing in adult kidney transplant recipients from Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study.

Background: We lack consensus on the clinical value, frequency, and timing of bone mineral density (BMD) testing in kidney transplant recipients. This study sought to determine practice patterns in BMD testing across kidney transplant centres in Ontario, Canada, and to compare the frequency of testing in kidney transplant recipients to non-transplant reference groups.

Methods: Using healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada we conducted a population-based cohort study of adult kidney transplant recipients who received a transplant from 1994-2009.

Fracture Incidence in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: It remains uncertain whether kidney transplant recipients are a high-risk group for fracture.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study using Ontario, Canada health care databases to estimate the 3-, 5- and 10-year cumulative incidence of nonvertebral fracture (proximal humerus, forearm, hip) in adult kidney transplant recipients between 1994 and 2009, stratifying by sex and age (<50 versus ≥50 years) at transplant. We also assessed the 3-year cumulative incidence of all fracture locations (excluding skull, toes, and fingers) and falls, 10-year cumulative incidence of hip fracture alone, and nonvertebral fracture incidence in recipients compared to nontransplant reference groups matched on age, sex, and cohort entry year.

Estimating osteoporotic fracture risk following a wrist fracture: a tale of two systems.

Unlabelled: The WHO fracture risk assessment (FRAX) and Canadian Association of Radiologists and Osteoporosis Canada (CAROC) tools can both be used to determine an individual's 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, these tools differ in their risk calculation. For participants <65 years with a wrist fracture, FRAX provides a lower fracture risk estimate than CAROC resulting in fewer decisions to initiate therapy.

Long-term changes in bone mineral density in kidney transplant recipients.

Background: Alterations in bone mineral metabolism occur when kidney function declines and often continue after transplantation. We investigated long-term changes in bone mineral density (BMD) among kidney transplant recipients undergoing routine clinical BMD monitoring and management.

Methods: We identified adults receiving a kidney transplant in the province of Manitoba, Canada (1996-2011) who had greater than or equal to 2 posttransplant dual energy X-ray absorptiometry examinations.

Build better bones with exercise: protocol for a feasibility study of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of 12 months of home exercise in women with a vertebral fracture.

Background: Our goal is to conduct a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) to investigate whether exercise can reduce incident fractures compared with no intervention among women aged ≥65 years with a vertebral fracture.

Objectives: This pilot study will determine the feasibility of recruitment, retention, and adherence for the proposed trial.

Design: The proposed RCT will be a pilot feasibility study with 1:1 randomization to exercise or attentional control groups.

Bisphosphonates for treatment of osteoporosis: expected benefits, potential harms, and drug holidays.

Objective: To outline the efficacy and risks of bisphosphonate therapy for the management of osteoporosis and describe which patients might be eligible for bisphosphonate "drug holiday."

Quality Of Evidence: MEDLINE (PubMed, through December 31, 2012) was used to identify relevant publications for inclusion. Most of the evidence cited is level II evidence (non-randomized, cohort, and other comparisons trials).

FRAX predicts fracture risk in kidney transplant recipients.

Background: The World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) estimates the 10-year fracture probability. We assessed the prognostic value of FRAX in kidney transplant recipients, as its utility in recipients is unknown.

Methods: We considered 458 individuals (mean age 45 years, 64% men) who received a kidney transplant in the province of Manitoba, Canada at the time of their first bone mineral density (BMD) test posttransplant (mean 1.

The three-year incidence of fracture in chronic kidney disease.

Knowing a person's fracture risk according to their kidney function, gender, and age may influence clinical management and decision-making. Using healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada, we conducted a cohort study of 679,114 adults of 40 years and over (mean age 62 years) stratified at cohort entry by estimated glomerular filtration rate ((eGFR) 60 and over, 45-59, 30-44, 15-29, and under 15 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), gender, and age (40-65 and over 65 years).

Appropriate osteoporosis treatment by family physicians in response to FRAX vs CAROC reporting: results from a randomized controlled trial.

Canadian guidelines recommend either the FRAX or the Canadian Association of Radiologists and Osteoporosis Canada (CAROC) fracture risk assessment tools to report 10-yr fracture risk as low (<10%), moderate (10%-20%) or high (>20%). It is unknown whether one reporting system is more effective in helping family physicians (FPs) identify individuals who require treatment. Individuals ≥50 yr old with a distal radius fracture and no previous osteoporosis diagnosis or treatment were recruited.

Calcium and vitamin D intake and mortality: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).

Context: Calcium and vitamin D are recommended for bone health, but there are concerns about adverse risks. Some clinical studies suggest that calcium intake may be cardioprotective, whereas others report increased risk associated with calcium supplements. Both low and high serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D have been associated with increased mortality.

Fracture risk in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review.

Background: Fractures in men and women after kidney transplantation are associated with morbidity (including acute and chronic pain), mortality, and high economic costs.

Methods: We systematically reviewed cohort studies that provided estimates on incidence and risk factors for fracture in kidney transplant recipients. We abstracted data in duplicate and assessed the methodological quality of each study on a 17-point scale (17 representing the highest quality).

Oral bisphosphonate use in the elderly is not associated with acute kidney injury.

Intravenous bisphosphonates can cause acute kidney injury; however, this risk was not found with oral bisphosphonates in randomized clinical trials with restrictive eligibility criteria. In order to provide complementary safety data, we studied the risk of acute kidney injury in a population-based cohort of 122,727 patients aged 66 years and older discharged from hospital following a new fragility fracture and no history of bisphosphonate use in the prior year. Bisphosphonate treatment was identified within 120 days after discharge and event rates were measured from 90 days of therapy initiation.

Fracture risk in living kidney donors: a matched cohort study.

Background: Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of bone fragility fractures (osteoporotic fractures). Living kidney donors lose 50% of their renal mass and show changes in calcium homeostasis. We studied whether living kidney donation increases the risk of fragility fracture.

Bone and mineral metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels after kidney donation.

Background: Living kidney donation offers a unique setting to study changes in phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis attributable to mild isolated decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting & Participants: 198 living kidney donors and 98 nondonor controls from 9 transplant centers across 3 countries.

Osteoporosis Canada 2010 guidelines for the assessment of fracture risk.

Osteoporosis Canada's 2010 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Canada focus on the clinical impact of fragility fractures, and on the assessment and management of women and men at high risk for fragility fracture. These guidelines now integrate a 10-year absolute fracture risk prediction into an overall management approach by using validated risk assessment tools. There currently is a large gap between optimal practices and those that are now being provided to Canadians with osteoporosis.

Reducing the risk of re-fracture in the dialysis population: is it time to consider therapy with PTH analogues?

Dialysis patients are at high risk for fracture, with published rates in excess of a 20% probability of fracture over the next 10 years of dialysis. Unfortunately, there is no accepted methodology for quantifying this risk in advance of the first fracture; conventional bone densitometry performs unreliably in this role, in contrast to its utility in elderly patients with osteoporosis. The KDIGO clinical guidelines emphasize the importance of bone turnover in the development of renal osteodystrophy with high bone turnover strongly associated with uncontrolled secondary hyperparathyroidism, and adynamic bone disease (ABD) defined as a very low bone turnover state associated with functional hypoparathyroidism.

Development and utility of a multi-dimensional grid to assess individual mineral metabolism control in hemodialysis patients: A potential aid for therapeutic decision making?

A grid was developed to evaluate control of serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in hemodialysis patients, based on guideline recommendations (National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative and Canadian Society of Nephrology), and its face validity was examined in a representative sample of Canadian patients. A retrospective chart review was undertaken in hemodialysis patients from 7 Canadian units. Patients >18 years, on hemodialysis for > or =12 months, and > or =3 parathyroid hormone levels measured > or =1 month apart were included.

Functional analysis of a type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor intracellular tail mutant [KRK(484-6)AAA]: effects on second messenger generation and cellular targeting.

The parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1) is activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) and primarily signals via intracellular pathways involving adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C. The intracellular tail domain of the PTHR1 contributes to G protein subunit coupling that is important for second messenger signalling. In addition, the intracellular domain has a potential nuclear localization sequence (NLS) that, if functional, could point to an intracrine role for the receptor.

The utilization of appropriate osteoporosis medications improves following a multifaceted educational intervention: the Canadian quality circle project (CQC).

Background: Osteoporosis is a serious but treatable condition. However, appropriate therapy utilization of the disease remains suboptimal. Thus, the objective of the study was to change physicians' therapy administration behavior in accordance with the Osteoporosis Canada 2002 guidelines.

Family physicians' personal and practice characteristics that are associated with improved utilization of bone mineral density testing and osteoporosis medication prescribing.

Family physicians' personal and practice characteristics may influence how osteoporosis is managed. Thus, we evaluated the impact of family physicians' personal and practice characteristics on the appropriate use of bone mineral density testing and osteoporosis therapy. The physician questionnaire assessed 13 personal and practice characteristics of the physicians.