The identification of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease using biofluids, neuroimaging, and artificial intelligence.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder causing severe disability and cognitive impairment as the disease progresses. It is necessary to develop biomarkers for cognitive decline in PD for earlier detection and prediction of disease progression.

Methods: We reviewed literature which used artificial intelligence-based techniques, which can be more sensitive than other analyses, to determine potential biomarkers for cognitive impairment in PD.

The role of AI and machine learning in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonisms.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder associated with motor and non-motor symptoms causing severe disability as the disease progresses. The development of biomarkers for Parkinson's disease to diagnose patients earlier and predict disease progression is imperative. As artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques efficiently process data and can handle multiple data types, we reviewed the literature to determine the extent to which these techniques have been applied to biomarkers for Parkinson's disease and movement disorders.