Analysis of the risk factors and their combinations in acute gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding: a case-control study.

Objective: Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including ASA for thrombosis prophylaxis (ASA-TP), for pain medication (ASA-P) or non-ASA NSAIDs (NANSAIDs), Helicobacter pylori infection, CagA strains of H. pylori and smoking are reported risk factors for peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB), but the combined and the dose effects of these factors are controversial. The aim of this study was to estimate the significance of these risk factors and their combinations in PUB.