ENDOCANNABINOIDS RECEPTORS MEDIATED CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL EFFECTS (REVIEW).

The present article is devoted to the action of endocannabinoids via stimulation of their corresponding receptors. It is well established the existence of three type of endocannabinoids (ECS) such as anandamide (AA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and palmitoylethanolamide (PE) providing their effects by activation of CB1 and CB2 ECS receptors. AA is a partial agonist for both receptors, having more affinity for CB1 receptors, while 2-AG reveals an equal agonistic properties to both of them in contrast to PE, which may bind to a unidental "CB2-like" receptors.

STATIN-ASSOCIATED INTOLERANCE AND ITS PREVENTION.

The review analyzes the literature data, which covers the intolerance of statins associated with myopathy. The article gives a definition of statin intolerance, analyzed data from a randomized, controlled trials, where are indicated frequency of statin-associated myopathy, its symptoms in juxtaposition with an increase in creatine kinase activity. It is noted that the frequency of complications depends on the applied statin, its dose, duration, the use of other risk factors that contribute to the development of myopathy.

[ACTION OF L-CARNITINE, CORVITIN AND THEIR COMBINATION ON FUNCTIONAL STATE OF LIVER IN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF REYE SYNDROME IN RATS].

Administration of Aacetylsalicylic acid in children with viral infections (influence B, chickenpox) can be related with development of Reye syndrome - severe encephalopathy and liver insufficiency with mortality in 50% of cases. During Reye syndrome most important is deficiency of carnitine and hepatocyte damage. Decreased amount of carnitine impairs the energy function of mitochondria and gluconeogenesis as well as production of urea.

[EFFECT OF ACETYLCYSTEINE, CORVITIN AND THEIR COMBINATION ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF LIVER IN RATS WITH PARACETAMOL INDUCED TOXIC HEPATITIS].

Nowadays drug-induced hepatotoxicity is urgent problem worldwide. Currently more than 1000 drugs are hepatotoxic and most often are the reason of acute fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular failure, the states requiring liver transplantation. The paracetamol induced liver toxicity is related with accumulation of its toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which is the free radical and enhances peroxidation of lipids, disturbs the energy status and causes death of hepatocytes.

[Pharmakological characteristic of some amide local anesthetics, currently used in dental clinics].

Along with the brief history of amide local anesthetics development, their most important properties (from the viewpoint of use in clinical dental practice), are also reviewed. In particular, some properties of most commonly used local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and articaine are analysed. The most important data concerning pharmacological mechanisms of mentioned anesthetics' action, that cause certain features and peculiarities of their clinical application are given in condensed form.

[Treatment of nonalcogolic fatty disease of liver].

The experimental and clinical data concerning of treatment of nonalcogolic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are summarized and analyzed in the review. Some aspects of pathogenetic pharmacotherapy of NAFLD have been discussed (correction of insulin resistance, obesity, dislipidemia, oxidative stress, hepatoprotectors, restoration of intestine microbiosis, replacement hormonal, syndrome and antihypertensive drugs). Medical and non - medical methods of treatment is compared.

[Peculiarities of metabolic syndrome and nonalcogolic fatty liver disease in menopausal women].

Correlation between menopause metabolic syndrome and nonalcogolic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reviewed. NAFLD refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis), to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, to cirrhosis. The causes and pathogenetic factors of the disease are still under investigation.

[Etiopatogenezis clinic end treatment of diabetic rethinopathy].

This article contains analyses of etiopathogenezis clinic treatment data provided by different literature on diabetic rethinopathy. Diabetic rethinopathy is the main reason for blindness and lost vision. The article highlights modern views on ethiopathogenezis clinic and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

[Changes of metabolic indices caused by berberin and extract, obtained from the bark of Phellodendron lavalei, introduced in subtropic regions of Georgia, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats].

The goal of the study was to identify changes in lipid metabolism, functional condition of liver and kidney influenced by berberin and extract, obtained from the bark of Рhеllodendron lavalei, introduced in sub tropic regions of Georgia, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes in animals was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in 1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5, dose 40 mg/kg per body weight, 1 ml volume.

[Antidiabetic activity of berberin and extract, obtained from the bark of Phellodendron lavalei, introduced in subtropic regions of Georgia, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats].

The goal of the study was to identify antidiabetic impact of berberin and extract, obtained from the bark of Рhеllodendron lavalei, introduced in subtropic regions of Georgia. The study was conducted on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes in animals was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in 1M citrate buffer, pH 4.

Rational drug correction of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in severe experimental heart failure.

A course of adenocine (cardiotonic drug with a pronounced cardioprotective effect) for severe experimental heart failure caused by toxic allergic myocarditis (for 10 days) more effectively restored the systolic and diastolic function of the heart and arrested systemic inflammatory response syndrome than traditional therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-adrenoblockers, or diuretics in combination with neoton. Adenocine is characterized by a synergistic effect, and none of its ingredients alone (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, inosine, beta-acetyldigoxin, oxyfedrine) exhibits similar effect.

[Pharmacotherapy and prevention of osteoporosis].

In the article data regarding pharmacological prevention of primary osteoporosis is reviewed. Some main aspects of the disease are underlined. The primary prevention of osteoporosis is targeted on building up and sustaining the strength of the skeleton during different periods of human life.

[Influence of different type beta-adrenoblockers on functional state of liver at paracetamol induced toxic hepatitis in experiment].

The aim of the present work was comparative analyze of different type beta-adrenoblockers (nonselective beta-AB-Propranolol; cardio selective beta1-AB-Bisoprolol; nonselective beta-AB with additional vasodilatory effects - carvedilol) on functional state of liver at Paracetamol induced toxic hepatitis in experiment. Experiments were carried out on 42 laboratory white rats with the body mass 180-200 g. Model of acute toxic hepatitis was created using paracetamol (peroral administration with the dose of 1000 mg/kg, once a day).

Effects of carvedilol, losartan and trimetazidin on functional parameters of isolated heart of rats at oxidative stress.

Effects of carvedilol, lozartan and trimetazidin on functional parameters of isolated heart (heart rate and volume speed of coronary blood flow) of rats at oxidative stress have been studied with the use of Langendorf's method. Experiments have been carried out on 32 pubertal white rats (with body mass 220-250 g). Oxidative stress was induced through perfusion of hydrogen peroxide (with concentration - 4.

[Imidazoline receptors].

An increasing number of studies suggest that the pharmacology and therapeutic potential of a family of imidazoline receptors continues to generate substantial interest of investigators. This review analyzes the functional role of imidazoline receptors, their subpopulation, distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system and action of related ligands. Besides to their brainstem location where I1-receptor sites play a significant role to regulate and modulate blood pressure, they also are found in different parts of brain with the highest densities in the striatum, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, while I3-receptor sites were revealed in pancreas which enhances insulin secretion, I2-receptors are widely distributed in interpeduncular nucleus, arcuate and pineal gland and take a part in monoamine turnover.

The mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes and current pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease.

An increasing number of studies suggest that current pharmacotherapy used in Alzheimer's disease (AD), in addition to having a symptomatic effect, also may interact with the ongoing neuropathological processes in the brain. The oldest hypothesis explain the cause of the AD is the "cholinergic hypothesis", which states, that AD begins as a deficiency in the production of acetylcholine (ACh). Interactions between the cholinergic and serotoninergic systems are believed to play a role in the mechanism underlying AD.

Prolong QT interval and "torsades de pointes" associated with different group of drugs.

The problem of formation of cardiac arrhythmia such as "torsades de pointes" because of prolongation of the QT interval is discussed in this article. It is established 2 forms of the long QT syndrome, a congenital and an acquired one. The congenital form has seven different known predisposing genes, six of which are associated with the myocardial ion channels.

[Influence of zafirlucast on the content of leukotrienes, biogenic amines and prostaglandins in blood and myocardium in epinephrine-induced heart injury].

Combination of preventive and repeated (after 12 h) intravenous injection of zafirlucast in daily dose of 40 mg/kg to rabbits with epinephrine-induced heart injury essentially decreased the content of leukotriene C(4), but did not prevent the increase of leukotriene B(4) concentration in the blood, though drcreased its content in comparison with the level observed 24 h after epinephrine injection by 11%. Two injections of zafirlucast had a favorable impact on serotonin content in the myocardium (this parameter decreased by 19%), promoted a decrease in epinephrine content and normalization of the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio, did not change prostaglandin content and ratio, and slightly diminished histamine concentration in the myocardium. The effect of zafirlucast can be explained by a reduce of oxidative stress.

[Comparative characteristic of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor--captopril and the angiotensin II receptor blokers--losartan action on the oxidative metabolism in experimental hyperlipidemia in rabbits].

The aim of present study--comparative characteristic of captopril and of losartan action on the oxidative metabolism in experimental hyperlipidemia. Experiments carried out on rabbits,which were divided into three groups(ten animal in each group) and orally receiving during 45 days: I control group (cholesterol 500mg/kg + methylthiouracil 100mg/kg, II group-captopril 5 mg/kg + cholesterol 500mg/kg + methylthiouracil 100mg/kg, III group-losartan 8mg/kg + cholesterol-500mg/kg + methylthiouracil 100mg/kg. Activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, level of malonic dialdehyde, osmotic resistance of erythrocytes and resistanse of LDL to oxidation and concentration of nitric oxide in the blood have been evaluated .

[Efficacy and safety of heptral, vitamin B6 and folic acid during toxic hepatitis induced by CCL4].

The aim of this work was to evaluate of efficacy and safety of complex Heptral, Vitamin B6 and Folic Acid in experimental hepatitis therapy compared with monotherapy. Experiments were carried out on pubertal rats. Eperimental hepatitis models were induced by Tetrachlormethane.

[Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urological surgery].

The present review is dedicated to the problem of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in urological surgery. There are considered modern guidelines for perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in urology. There are discussed; aims, timing, and duration of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, risk factors of postoperative infections in urological surgery, pharmacological properties of major antimicrobial drugs, selection and route of administration of antibacterial agents.

Effectiveness of combined treatment with superoxide dismutase and Reamberin during skin ischemia.

Experimental skin ischemia in rats was induced by suturing a skin fold on the back with a silk thread. Combined pretreatment with superoxide dismutase (intraperitoneally) and Reamberin (intravenously) in doses of 0.01 and 6.

Antinecrotic and antioxidant effects of superoxide dismutase during skin ischemia.

Antinecrotic activity of SOD was studied in rats with experimental skin ischemia. Treatment with SOD increased activity of endogenous SOD in skin homogenates (by 70 and 26% compared to the ischemic and intact skin, respectively). However, the rate of superoxide anion generation remained unchanged after SOD treatment.

[Principal pharmacological properties of different beta-blockers, possibilities and new perspectives of their uses].

Beta-blockers are heterogeneous pharmacological drug group which are used in treatment of hypertension, angina and acute coronary syndrome, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. Classification, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of beta-blockers are summarized in this review. Advantages and deficiencies of the full and partial antagonists, selective and nonselective, lipophilic and hydrophilic, as well as peripheral vasodilator actions of beta-blocker -blockers are discussed.

[Oxidative stress during thyrotoxicosis and its correction].

Oligocrine is a preparation of vegetable origin characterized by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulating properties. Our study shows that administration of L-thyroxine injections (irrespective of the duration) results in elevated synthesis of thyroid hormones and intensification of oxidative stress in experimental animals. These changes are evidenced by accumulation of membrane phospholipide peroxidation products - lipid peroxides in the blood.