Scottish soldiers from the Battle of Dunbar 1650: A prosopographical approach to a skeletal assemblage.

After the Battle Dunbar between English and Scottish forces in 1650, captured Scottish soldiers were imprisoned in Durham and many hundreds died there within a few weeks. The partial skeletal remains of 28 of these men were discovered in 2013. Building on previous osteological work, here we report wide-ranging scientific studies of the remains to address the following questions: Did they have comparable diet, health and disease throughout their lives? Did they have common histories of movement (or lack of movement) during their childhoods? Can we create a collective biography of these men? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of tooth enamel investigated childhood movement.

Mature neurons dynamically restrict apoptosis via redundant premitochondrial brakes.

Apoptotic cell death is critical for the early development of the nervous system, but once the nervous system is established, the apoptotic pathway becomes highly restricted in mature neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying this increased resistance to apoptosis in these mature neurons are not completely understood. We have previously found that members of the miR-29 family of microRNAs (miRNAs) are induced with neuronal maturation and that overexpression of miR-29 was sufficient to restrict apoptosis in neurons.

Hexokinase-2-mediated aerobic glycolysis is integral to cerebellar neurogenesis and pathogenesis of medulloblastoma.

Background: While aerobic glycolysis is linked to unconstrained proliferation in cancer, less is known about its physiological role. Why this metabolic program that promotes tumor growth is preserved in the genome has thus been unresolved. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic glycolysis derives from developmental processes that regulate rapid proliferation.

Mature neurons: equipped for survival.

Neurons completely transform how they regulate cell death over the course of their lifetimes. Developing neurons freely activate cell death pathways to fine-tune the number of neurons that are needed during the precise formation of neural networks. However, the regulatory balance between life and death shifts as neurons mature beyond early development.

Community Health Action Model: health promotion by the community.

The goal of the Community Health Action (CHA) model is to depict community health promotion processes in a manner that can be implemented by community members to achieve their collectively and collaboratively determined actions and outcomes to sustain or improve the health and well-being of their community; the community as a whole, for the benefit of all. The model is unique in its ability to merge the community development process with a compatible community assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation framework. The CHA model supports community participation leading to community-engaged assessment and change.

Respecting culture and honoring diversity in community practice.

Nurses work with individuals, families, groups, and communities where lives are enriched and challenged by cultural diversity. The purpose of this article is to discuss challenges and strategies for respecting culture and honoring diversity. This article diverges from the traditional nursing practice of working with individuals to working with collectives, to community practice beyond individuals and families, beyond community as context, to community as client.

Evaluating support services to seniors. A discussion of collaborative research.

The difficulties involved in attempting to turn collaboration into partnership are revealed in this article about the relationship between research funders and researchers, specifically government funders and university researchers. Some discussion revolves around the relationships between researchers and among the researchers, practitioners, and consumers. This article also discusses collaborative research relationships by using the evaluation of a support program to seniors as an illustration.

Tax exemption: why not-for-profits deserve it.

Not-for-profit healthcare facilities' tax-exempt status is coming under attack, particularly in congressional hearings on the unrelated business income tax. Therefore tax-exempt providers must keep adequate records of all services and expenditures to demonstrate and preserve their exempt nature. A facility qualifies for tax exemption by demonstrating that it is legally organized to achieve its exempt purpose and that the bulk of its activities is directed toward that goal.

Utilizing a microcomputer-based physician incentive compensation program to increase inpatient hospital utilization and improve cost management.

This paper will address the complex issues of effective cost management and declining inpatient volume. Utilizing a microcomputer-based physician incentive compensation program, it will show how a hospital developed a plan to increase inpatient hospital utilization and improve cost management. It will discuss the Internal Revenue, HCFA, and legal implications of the plan.

Identifying incremental cost in HMO/PPO bid evaluation.

While hospitals are implementing case-mix accounting systems, they also may be negotiating prices with health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs). To aid decision makers in their evaluation of HMO/PPO bids, a matrix that projects the bottom-line effect of various rate and volume options may be useful. Identifying incremental cost--the additional cost incurred if one patient day were added--is the key to this type of matrix analysis.

Evaluating the contribution to a hospital of specific physicians through the use of a financial and social weighting criterion developed on a microcomputer.

This paper will address how a hospital was able to utilize a microcomputer to determine weighting criteria to allocate Medicaid patient days to certain physicians when the State reduced the allowable days by 59 percent. The allocation basis had to address the following: the hospital's mission, financial viability, the impact on its teaching programs and university affiliations and antitrust and anticompetition laws and regulations.

Quantitative relations between exposure to respirable coalmine dust and coalworkers' simple pneumoconiosis in men who have worked as miners but have left the coal industry.

Present estimates of the quantitative relations between exposure to mixed respirable coalmine dust and risk of developing coalworkes' simple pneumoconiosis are based on studies of working miners. These studies did not include men who had been miners but had left the coal industry, and it was not known whether the estimates of risk were also appropriate for these men. The results are reported of a study in which the dust/disease relations in men who have been miners but have left the industry have been compared with those in men who have remained in it.

Task force, staff education ease transition to prospective payment.

Columbus-Cuneo-Cabrini Medical Center prepared extensively for the Medicare prospective payment system (PPS), which went into effect there Jan. 1, 1984. Administrators believe the planning effected a smooth transition from the retrospective reimbursement system.

Human visual ecology and orientation anisotropies in acuity.

The visual environment of Cree Indians from the east coast of James Bay, Quebec, is different from that of city-raised Euro-Canadians. So also are their corresponding orientation anisotropies in visual acuity. A Euro-Canadian sample exhibited the usual higher resolution for vertically and horizontally oriented gratings as compared with oblique orientations, while a Cree Indian sample did not.