Vitamin D supplementation for improving bone density in vitamin D-deficient children and adolescents: systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Vitamin D supplements are widely used for improving bone health in children and adolescents, but their effects in vitamin D-deficient children are unclear.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents differs by baseline vitamin D status and estimate the effect in vitamin D-deficient individuals.

Methods: This is a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis.

Early Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth, Body Composition, and Later Obesity.

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Associations between maternal adiposity and appetite-regulating hormones in human milk are mediated through maternal circulating concentrations and might affect infant outcomes.

Background: Appetite-regulating hormones (ARH) in human milk (HM) are suggested to affect infants' milk intake and possibly infant growth. Maternal adiposity might contribute to higher levels of ARH in HM, either from the mammary gland or from raised circulating levels due to higher adiposity. Counterfactual-based mediation analysis can define indirect and direct effects between HM ARH and maternal and infant factors, and might be an important tool when investigating the mother-milk-infant triad.

Similar effects of milk protein and blends of milk and plant-based protein on appetite-related hormones in 7- to 8-year-old healthy Danish children: secondary analyses from the PROGRO randomised trial.

Aim: The effect of different protein sources on the appetite-related hormones in children is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of milk protein versus blends of milk and rapeseed protein on plasma leptin and adiponectin in children.

Methods: We included 88 Danish 7- to 8-year-old children randomised to receive 35 g protein/day for 4 weeks in 2018 as either milk protein or blends of milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70).

Plasma vitamin B concentration is positively associated with cognitive development in healthy Danish 3-year-old children: the SKOT cohort studies.

Adequate vitamin B (B) and folate concentrations are essential for neural development in early childhood, but studies in well-nourished children are lacking. We investigated the relation between plasma B and folate at 9 and 36 months and psychomotor development at 36 months in well-nourished Danish children. Subjects from the SKOT cohorts with B measurement and completed Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3rd edition (ASQ-3) at 36 months were included ( 280).

Effects of vitamin D and high dairy protein intake on bone mineralization and linear growth in 6- to 8-year-old children: the D-pro randomized trial.

Background: Vitamin D and dairy protein may stimulate bone mineralization and linear growth in children, but previous studies show inconsistent results and have not examined their combined effects.

Objectives: To investigate combined and separate effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-protein (HP) compared with normal-protein (NP) yogurt intake on children's bone mineralization and linear growth.

Methods: In a 2 × 2-factorial trial, 200 healthy, 6- to 8-year-old, Danish, children with light skin (55°N) were randomized to 20 µg/d vitamin D3 or placebo and to substitute 260 g/d dairy with HP (10 g protein/100 g) or NP (3.

The effect of milk and rapeseed protein on growth factors in 7-8 year-old healthy children - A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Milk protein may stimulate linear growth through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, the effect of plant proteins on growth factors is largely unknown. This study assesses the effect of combinations of milk and rapeseed protein versus milk protein alone on growth factors in children.

Maternal milk microbiota and oligosaccharides contribute to the infant gut microbiota assembly.

Breastfeeding protects against diseases, with potential mechanisms driving this being human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the seeding of milk-associated bacteria in the infant gut. In a cohort of 34 mother-infant dyads we analyzed the microbiota and HMO profiles in breast milk samples and infant's feces. The microbiota in foremilk and hindmilk samples of breast milk was compositionally similar, however hindmilk had higher bacterial load and absolute abundance of oral-associated bacteria, but a lower absolute abundance of skin-associated Staphylococcus spp.

Dietary intake of carbohydrates in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes-A narrative review.

In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, a low but sufficient, intake of carbohydrates is important to aim for near normal glycemic control. However, knowledge about the carbohydrate intake in this group is limited. To assess the average quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake in pregnant women with type 1diabetes compared to healthy pregnant women and current dietary reference intakes.

Effect of probiotics on thymus size and markers of infection in late infancy: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Probiotics are known to stimulate the immune system but the effect on thymus size in late infancy is unknown. We examined the effect of probiotics on thymus size and C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy Danish infants starting daycare. We further examined associations between thymus size, CRP and recent infections.

Intestinal Enterococcus abundance correlates inversely with excessive weight gain and increased plasma leptin in breastfed infants.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that breastfeeding provides protection against development of overweight/obesity. Nonetheless, a small subgroup of infants undergo excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding, a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Breast milk contains both gut-seeding microbes and substrates for microbial growth in the gut of infants, and a large body of evidence suggests a role for gut microbes in host metabolism.

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Positively Associated with Growth and Cognition in 6- to 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren from Ghana.

Background: Milk intake stimulates linear growth and improves cognition in children from low-income countries. These effects may be mediated through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

Objective: The objective was to assess the effect of milk supplement on circulating IGF-1 and to assess IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition in children.

Corrigendum: Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition Is Associated With Excessive Weight Gain During Exclusive Breastfeeding-An Explorative Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.

Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Growth of the Child.

Cow's milk and dairy products intake increase linear growth in children and result in increased adult stature. This is supported by observational and intervention studies mainly from low- and middle-income countries. However, recent reviews primarily based on studies from well-nourished populations question the relation.

Breastmilk Lipids and Oligosaccharides Influence Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Infants with Excessive Weight Gain.

Scope: The aim is to identify breastmilk components associated with fecal concentration of SCFAs and to investigate whether they differ between infants with high weight gain (HW) and normal weight gain (NW).

Methods And Results: Breastmilk and fecal samples are collected from mother-infant dyads with HW (n = 11) and NW (n = 15) at 5 and 9 months of age. Breastmilk is profiled on ultra-performance LC-quadrupole TOF-MS platform.

Thymus size is associated with breastfeeding and having pets in a sex-specific manner.

Aim: The aim was to examine associations between thymus size and anthropometric measurements, sex, age, breastfeeding status, presence of siblings, household pets, and infections and allergies since birth in 8- to 13-month-old healthy Danish infants.

Methods: Data collected from 256 healthy infants enrolled in the ProbiComp study were used. Thymus size was assessed using sonographic measures, and thymic index (TI) and thymus weight index (TWI) was used as an absolute and a relative volume estimate, respectively.

Abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

Background: Mendelian randomization studies in adults suggest that abdominal adiposity is causally associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in adults, but its causal effect on cardiometabolic risk in children remains unclear.

Objective: We aimed to study the causal relation of abdominal adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in children by applying Mendelian randomization.

Methods: We constructed a genetic risk score (GRS) using variants previously associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI) and examined its associations with cardiometabolic factors by linear regression and Mendelian randomization in a meta-analysis of 6 cohorts, including 9895 European children and adolescents aged 3-17 y.

Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition Is Associated With Excessive Weight Gain During Exclusive Breastfeeding-An Explorative Study.

Some infants experience excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding. The cause is unknown, but variation in human milk composition might play a role. Several human milk koligosaccharides (HMOs) have been associated with growth velocity in breastfed infants, and it has been suggested that the mechanism could be through an effect on infant gut microbiota composition.

Genetic predisposition to higher body fat yet lower cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.

Background: Most obese children show cardiometabolic impairments, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Yet some obese children retain a normal cardiometabolic profile. The mechanisms underlying this variability remain largely unknown.

Probiotics in late infancy reduce the incidence of eczema: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Allergic diseases are common and represent a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. We aimed to examine the effect of a combination of two probiotic strains administered in late infancy and early childhood on the development of allergic diseases and sensitization.

Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial, participants were randomized to receive a daily mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis or placebo-starting prior to attending day care.