Guidance document for structured reporting of diuresis renography.

This Guidance Document for structured reporting of diuresis renography in adults was developed by the International Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephro-urology (ISCORN; http://www.iscorn.org).

Precision and within- and between-day variation of bioimpedance parameters in children aged 2-14 years.

Background & Aims: Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) offers the possibility to perform rapid estimates of fluid distribution and body composition. Few studies, however, have addressed the precision and biological variation in a pediatric population. Our objectives were to evaluate precision, variation within- and between-days for the BIS-determined parameters total body fluid, extra-cellular fluid, intra-cellular fluid, body cell mass, fat-free mass, extra-cellular resistance, intra-cellular resistance and percentage body fat using a Xitron 4200.

Comparison of within- and between-subject variation of serum cystatin C and serum creatinine in children aged 2-13 years.

Background: Previously, data on both the within-subject (SD(I)) and the between-subject (SD(G)) variation of cystatin C in children has not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to determine this biological variation including analytical variation (SD(A)) of both cystatin C and creatinine to characterize the two analytes as renal function markers in children.

Methods: On two consecutive days blood samples for duplicate analysis of cystatin C (nephelometric, Dade Behring) and creatinine (enzymatic, Roche) were obtained from 30 children (11 females and 19 males, mean age 8.

[Aprotinin scintigraphy in amyloidosis].

Amyloidosis is a disease characterized by protein deposition (amyloid) in THE extracellular matrix leading to organ dysfunction and death. New treatment modalities have emphasized the need for accurate and early diagnosis. Aprotinin scintigraphy is a radionuclide imaging technique in which the localisation and extent of amyloid deposits are visualized.

Measuring glomerular filtration rate in children; can cystatin C replace established methods? A review.

Our aim was to evaluate published methods that use serum cystatin C (s-CysC) for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children and to discuss advantages and limitations of s-CysC and of established GFR methods. A comprehensive literature review of clinical studies in children evaluating s-CysC or CysC-based formulas and plasma creatinine or creatinine-based formulas against an exogenous reference method using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves or Bland-Altman plots is presented. The comparison of s-CysC with plasma creatinine indicated that s-CysC was superior to plasma creatinine in five of 13 studies; four studies showed no difference, and, in four studies, no statistical comparison was made.

Normal differential renal function does not indicate a normal kidney after partial ureteropelvic obstruction and subsequent relief in 2-week-old piglets.

Purpose: We investigated the functional consequences of relieving ureteric obstruction in young pigs with experimental hydronephrosis (HN) induced by partial unilateral ureteropelvic obstruction.

Materials And Methods: Three groups of animals were followed from the age of 2 weeks to the age of 14 weeks: Eight animals had severe or grades 3-4 HN throughout the study. Six animals had relief of the obstruction after 4 weeks.

Reproducibility and repeatability of differential renal function in 4-week-old piglets.

Background: Congenital obstructive renal disease often requires a decision early in the child's life on whether or not surgery is required. Differential renal function (DRF) calculated from the renogram provides important information for the correct decision in this process. A recent publication cast doubt as to the reliability of the renogram in providing DRF in the young child.

AT1 receptor blockade prevents interstitial and glomerular apoptosis but not fibrosis in pigs with neonatal induced partial unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Obstruction-induced fibrosis is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure in children. The pathophysiological mechanisms may involve apoptosis and the renin-angiotensin system. We studied apoptosis and fibrosis in a well-established neonatal pig model with unilateral partial ureteral obstruction (PUUO) induced during ongoing nephrogenesis in 2-day-old piglets.

Glomerular and tubular function during AT1 receptor blockade in pigs with neonatal induced partial ureteropelvic obstruction.

Previously, we showed that neonatal induced chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) of the multipapillary pig kidney decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the obstructed kidney. We hypothesized that ANG II and nitric oxide (NO) are important for the changes in renal function and in the present study we examined the effects of chronic AT1 receptor blockade using CV-11974 (0.12 mg/h candesartan from age 23 to 30 days) on kidney function development after PUUO was induced in 2-day-old piglets.

[Prenatal diagnosed hydronephrosis and other urological anomalies].

By renal ultrasound examination, urological anomalies may be demonstrated in 1-2% of fetuses and in about 0.5% of newborns. Boys have about twice the frequency of girls.

Congenital unilateral hydronephrosis: a review of the impact of diuretic renography on clinical treatment.

Purpose: The natural history of and optimal treatment for asymptomatic congenital hydronephrosis is unknown, mainly because most published series are nonrandomized or retrospective with nonstandardized followup regimens. In this survey we provide an overview of the different strategies used for the treatment of congenital unilateral hydronephrosis.

Materials And Methods: A comprehensive literature review of clinical studies of asymptomatic congenital unilateral hydronephrosis is presented.

Interpretation of the renogram: problems and pitfalls in hydronephrosis in children.

Objective: To discuss the main steps of renographic technique and underline some pitfalls related to the acquisition, processing and interpretation of diuretic renography, an important method for guiding the management of asymptomatic congenital hydronephrosis.

Methods: Despite guidelines and consensus protocols, renographic procedures differ among centres, causing difficulties in comparison and controversy in the interpretation of results. Thus we comprehensively assessed published papers on the subject of diuretic renography.

Use of plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate to estimate renal clearance during postnatal development in pigs.

Objective: To compare renal clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate with plasma clearance by use of a glomerular filtration rate technique in pigs from 3 to 24 weeks of age.

Animals: 24 female pigs.

Procedure: At the time of investigation, 5 pigs were 3 weeks old, 6 pigs were 6 weeks old, 8 pigs were 12 weeks old, and 5 pigs were 24 weeks old.

Reduced number of glomeruli in kidneys with neonatally induced partial ureteropelvic obstruction in pigs.

Purpose: We quantify the structural components of the nephron in adult pig kidneys with neonatally induced unilateral hydronephrosis in comparison with nonobstructed kidneys.

Materials And Methods: The study included 11 pigs with unilateral partial ureteropelvic obstruction induced 2 days after birth and 8 sham operated control pigs. Obstructed kidney glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced at age 4 weeks but did not differ from control kidneys after 24 weeks.