Urban-Rural Differences in Children's and Adolescent's Physical Activity and Screen-Time Trends Across 15 Years.

Background: Urban and rural areas have been experiencing major demographic and structural changes, characterized by an aging population in rural areas and a growth of cities in number and size. However, it is poorly researched how children's physical activity and screen time developed in urban and rural areas. To address this deficit, we investigated physical activity and screen-time trends in Germany's pediatric population across four urbanicity levels (rural, small town, medium-sized town, city).

Development of coordination and muscular fitness in children and adolescents with parent-reported ADHD in the German longitudinal MoMo Study.

This study examined the development of muscular fitness and coordination in children and adolescents with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over a period of 11 years. Data was collected in three measurement waves as part of the longitudinal, representative Motorik-Modul (MoMo) study in Germany (2003-2006, 2009-2012, 2014-2017). The overall sample comprised 2988 participants (253 with ADHD, 65% males; 2735 non-ADHD, 47% males; mean age 9 years).

Physical fitness of children and youth with asthma in comparison to the reference population : Cross-sectional results of the population-based MoMo study in Germany.

Background: Physical fitness is an essential marker of health. The literature regarding the question of whether individuals with asthma have reduced physical fitness compared to their non-asthmatic peers is inconsistent and focuses on the cardiorespiratory endurance dimension. This study provides a comparison of different dimensions of physical fitness in individuals with and without asthma on the basis of the German population-based study "KiGGS" (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents) and its in-depth study "MoMo" (2009-2012: wave 1 and 2014-2017: wave 2).

Population density predicts youth's physical activity changes during Covid-19 - Results from the MoMo study.

Children in Germany showed positive physical activity changes during the first Covid-19 lockdown in April 2020, but it is unclear how the changes relate to population density, which we investigated in a longitudinal sample of 1711 youth (4-17 years). For each ten citizens more per km, less positive physical activity changes were observed. For example, a child living in an area with 100 citizens/km increased daily life physical activity by 44.

Reply to Kersting et al. Comment on "Wunsch et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Interrelation of Physical Activity, Screen Time and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents in Germany: Results of the Motorik-Modul Study. 2021, , 98".

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The Impact of COVID-19 on the Interrelation of Physical Activity, Screen Time and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents in Germany: Results of the Motorik-Modul Study.

Reduced physical activity (PA) and prolonged screen time (ST) negatively influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a protective factor against illness and mortality. Studies addressing the relationship between PA, ST, and mental health in youth are scarce, especially in times with high mental health burdens like the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this examination was to investigate whether PA, ST, and HRQoL before COVID-19 predict PA, ST, and HRQoL during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Physical activity and screen time of children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: a natural experiment.

The impact of COVID-19 on social life has been drastic and global. However, the different numbers of cases and different actions in different countries have been leading to various interesting yet unexplored effects on human behavior. In the present study, we compare the physical activity and recreational screen time of a representative sample of 1711 4- to 17-year-olds before and during the strictest time of the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany.

Predictive value of physical fitness on self-rated health: A longitudinal study.

Background: The self-rated health of adolescents and young adults is important for estimating future morbidities and mortality. Little is known about how physical fitness in younger populations predicts self-rated health. This longitudinal study (2003-2017) aims to explore the effects of physical fitness on self-rated health on the basis of the German population-based study KiGGS and its in-depth study, MoMo.

Representative Percentile Curves of Physical Fitness From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: The MoMo Study.

Monitoring of physical fitness in youth is important because physical fitness is a summative indicator of health. From a developmental and preventive perspective, physical fitness levels are relatively stable from childhood to early adulthood. Thus, it is important to monitor physical fitness on a population based level being able to intervene at early stages (1).

Trends in active commuting to school from 2003 to 2017 among children and adolescents from Germany: the MoMo Study.

Background: Inactivity in children and adolescents is a global issue requiring interventions that target different domains of physical activity, such as active transport. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, historical trends and socio-demographic correlates of active commuting to school (ACS) in a nationwide sample of girls and boys from Germany.

Methods: Data of commuting behaviour and socio-demographic factors were collected, covering three measurement points from 2003 to 2017.

Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents: A Review of Large-Scale Epidemiological Studies Published after 2006.

Physical fitness (PF) of children and adolescents is an important resource for their future health. Population-based studies, however, rarely report secular changes of PF, although monitoring of these is crucial to deriving information for adequate interventions. This review aims to report trends in PF of children and adolescents.

Population-based trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents in Germany, 2003-2017.

Physical fitness is an important health resource. From 2003 onwards, the MoMo study, a part of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), has investigated physical fitness on the basis of nationally representative data. The objective of this paper was to analyse trends in physical fitness of three cohorts at the ages of 4-17 years.

[Motor fitness of 4- to 10-year-old children in Germany : Results of KiGGS Wave 2 and trends].

Regular physical activity and good motor performance are the basis for healthy physical development in childhood and are considered a protective factor for various health risks. However, children and adolescents in Germany are not physically active enough because sedentary activities have increased. One consequence is the decline in motor capacity, the totality of structures and functions that are responsible for the performance of motor actions.

Are there disparities in different domains of physical activity between school-aged migrant and non-migrant children and adolescents? Insights from Germany.

Background: Large proportions of the populations in many European countries, including Germany, are migrants. Migrant children and adolescents tend to be less physically active than their non-migrant peers. However, current research is limited as it does not sufficiently consider different domains of physical activity.

Motorik-Module (MoMo) - the KiGGS Wave 2 module to survey motor performance and physical activity.

Initially, the Motorik-Module (MoMo) Longitudinal Study was surveyed between 2003 and 2006 using a sub-sample from the baseline German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). The federal representative sub-sample of KiGGS consisted of 4,528 children and adolescents aged 4 to 17. To date, there have been two further survey waves: 2009-2012 (Wave 1) and 2015-2017 (Wave 2).

Elaboration of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis-Results from a Population-Based 6-Year Follow-Up.

The aim of this paper was to contribute to the elaboration of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis framework by testing eight hypotheses addressing the direct impact of gross motor coordination problems in elementary-school on selected physical, behavioral and psychosocial outcomes in adolescence. Results are based on a longitudinal sample of 940 participants who were (i) recruited as part of a population-based representative survey on health, physical fitness and physical activity in childhood and adolescence, (ii) assessed twice within 6 years, between the ages of 6 and 10 years old as well as between the ages of 12 and 16 years old (Response Rate: 55.9%) and (iii) classified as having gross motor coordination problems ( = 115) or having no gross motor coordination problems ( = 825) at baseline.

Effects of age, sex and activity level on counter-movement jump performance in children and adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate counter-movement jump performance and its reliability in children and adolescents with respect to age, sex and activity level. We tested 1835 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 17 years. All participants performed three counter-movement jumps on a force platform with arms akimbo.

Cohort profile: the Motorik-Modul Longitudinal Study: physical fitness and physical activity as determinants of health development in German children and adolescents.

The Motorik-Modul (MoMo) Longitudinal Study aims to contribute to long-term improvement in the health of German children and adolescents by focusing on: (i) the development of physical fitness and physical activity (including period effects); (ii) the individual and physical/social environmental determinants of the development of physical fitness and physical activity; and (iii) the impact of physical fitness and physical activity on the development of physical and mental health. The MoMo Longitudinal Study began with a nationwide representative sample of 4529 children and adolescents who ranged in age from 4-17 years at the study baseline (2003-2006). The first survey wave of the MoMo Longitudinal Study was conducted between 2009 and 2012, with two subsequent survey waves to be conducted between 2014 and 2016 and 2018 and 2020, respectively.

Association between health behaviors and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: results from the cross-sectional MoMo-study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adolescent and familial health behavioral factors and cardiorespiratory fitness in German adolescent boys and girls.

Methods: This study is based on a large nationwide cross-sectional study and its substudy on physical activity and fitness of children and adolescents ("Motorik-Modul"). For 1,328 adolescents between 11 and 17 years of age, data on cardiorespiratory fitness (Physical working capacity 170, PWC(170)) and familial and adolescent health behavioral factors were collected.

Four classes of physical fitness in German children and adolescents: only differences in performance or at-risk groups?

Objectives: Regarding children's and adolescents' development of physical fitness (PF), information about whether there are different performance classes in PF would potentially be helpful. If such classes also differ in related health parameters, this might indicate 'at-risk' groups requiring different support measures.

Methods: Factor mixture modeling was used to investigate whether participants of the German "Motorik"-Module (2003-2006) aged 6-17 years (N = 4,529) differ in their PF as described by endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility.

Socio-demographic correlates of physical activity and physical fitness in German children and adolescents.

Aim: Identifying factors that influence children's and adolescents' participation in physical activity (PA), as well as their physical fitness (PF), is essential for the development of effective intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare influential socio-demographic factors that affect PA such as socio-economic status (SES), rural-urban differences, immigration and age, as well as the effects of age and PA on PF as differentiated by gender. Subjects and

Methods: German children between 6 and 9 years and adolescents between 10 and 17 years of age (n = 2574) participated in the representative, nationwide, cross-sectional 'Motorik'-Module study between 2003 and 2006.

The impact of obesity on developmental coordination disorder in adolescence.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) as well as overweight and obesity are of increasing importance in the study of human development. Data on the relation between DCD and obesity in adolescence are of particular interest because both phenomena are unlikely to disappear with age. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of obesity on severe DCD in adolescence.

The 'Motorik-Modul' (MoMo): physical fitness and physical activity in German children and adolescents.

Objectives: The aim of the 'Motorik-Modul' (MoMo Basiserhebung, www.motorik-modul.de ) was to establish prevalence measurements on physical fitness and physical activity in German children and adolescents and to identify differences between age groups and genders.