Prediction of human dietary δN intake from standardised food records: validity and precision of single meal and 24-h diet data.

Natural stable isotope ratios (δN) of humans can be used for nutritional analyses and dietary reconstruction of modern and historic individuals and populations. Information about an individual's metabolic state can be obtained by comparison of tissue and dietary δN. Different methods have been used to estimate dietary δN in the past; however, the validity of such predictions has not been compared to experimental values.

Association between full breastfeeding, timing of complementary food introduction, and iron status in infancy in Germany: results of a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

Purpose: Considering the low content in breast milk breastfed infants might be at particular risk for depleted iron stores after the first months of life. This study evaluates the association of the mode of milk feeding and the timing of complementary food (CF) introduction with parameters of iron status in term healthy infants in Germany.

Methods: In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, parents recorded all foods consumed by their infants from the age of 8 weeks onwards.

Commercial complementary food consumption is prospectively associated with added sugar intake in childhood.

Given that commercial complementary food (CF) can contain high levels of added sugar, a high consumption may predispose to a preference for sweet taste later in life. This study examined cross-sectional associations between commercial CF consumption and added sugar intake in infancy as well as its prospective relation to added sugar intake in pre-school and primary-school age children. In all, 288 children of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study with 3-d weighed dietary records at 0·5 and 0·75 (infancy), 3 and 4 (pre-school age) and 6 and 7 years of age (primary-school age) were included in this analysis.

Food neophobia in German adolescents: Determinants and association with dietary habits.

Food neophobia (FN) is described as the rejection to eat unknown foods. Because only little is known about the role of FN in adolescence the aim of this study was to examine potential determinants of FN and associations with dietary habits of DONALD study participants. FN was measured with Pliner's and Hobden's Food Neophobia Scale (FN Score (FNS): range 10-70) in 166 10-18-year-old adolescents.

Age and time trends in the diet of young children: results of the DONALD study.

Purpose: To describe age and time trends of energy and macronutrient intake during infancy and toddlerhood and to set a special focus on dietary practices with respect to milk, complementary food, and family food intake.

Methods: Three-day dietary records (n = 2241) collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months (480 subjects) between 2004 and 2013 from the ongoing open cohort DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study were evaluated using repeated-measures regression analyses for trend analysis.

Results: Significant age trends were found for macronutrients with a decrease in fat intake (% of energy intake, %E) and an increase in carbohydrates (%E) and protein (%E).

Nutrient Adequacy and Associated Factors in a Nationwide Sample of German Toddlers.

Objectives: Nutrition in toddlerhood may have short- and long-term impacts on health and nutrition behavior. The objectives of the present article are to describe intake of energy and nutrients from the end of infancy to toddlerhood, and to examine dietary and socioeconomic factors (socioeconomic status [SES]) associated with total nutrient adequacy measured by a nutrient-based index (Nutrient Quality Index [NQI]).

Methods: In the German Representative Study of Toddler Alimentation from 2008, 7-day estimated dietary records were collected cross-sectionally from toddlers ages 10 to 36 months (n = 525).

Associations between commercial complementary food consumption and fruit and vegetable intake in children. Results of the DONALD study.

Objectives: Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is influenced by individual taste and food preferences that are developed early in life. Thus, the sensory properties of foods given during complementary feeding may shape later food acceptance and dietary intake. However, those experiences differ with respect to the preparation method of complementary food (CF), that is, homemade and commercial CF.

Food variety in commercial and homemade complementary meals for infants in Germany. Market survey and dietary practice.

Introduction: Already infants do not meet the recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake although the complementary feeding period offers the possibility to expose the infant to a variety of flavours from fruits and vegetables. The objective of the present analysis was to identify differences in the vegetable variety in commercial vs. homemade complementary meals and to describe fish and meat variety in these meals in dietary practice in Germany.

Breast-feeding and weaning practices in the DONALD study: age and time trends.

Objectives: Besides influencing short- and long-term health status, infant feeding practices are known to have an effect on later food preferences. This study aimed to identify present trends in breast-feeding duration and weaning practices with special focus on preparation methods of complementary food (CF), that is, homemade and commercial CF.

Methods: In total, 1419 three-day weighed diet records collected between 2004 and 2012 from 366 children of the German DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study ages 6 to 24 months were analysed.

Relative validity of a 3 d estimated food record in German toddlers.

Objective: To determine the relative validity of a 3 d estimated food record (EFR) used to assess energy and nutrient intakes in toddlers, using a 3 d weighed food record (WDR) as the reference method.

Design: Parents reported the food and beverage intakes of their children using an EFR concurrently with a WDR over three consecutive days. Estimation of mean differences, Spearman correlation coefficients, cross-classifications and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the intakes of energy and fourteen nutrients obtained from the EFR and the WDR.

24 h-Sodium excretion and hydration status in children and adolescents--results of the DONALD Study.

Background & Aims: To describe actual data on intake, sources, age and time trends of urinary sodium excretion and to analyze the potential association between urinary sodium excretion and hydration status respective beverage consumption in a sample of healthy German children and adolescents.

Methods: Data of 1575 24 h-urine samples and weighed dietary records of 499 children (249 boys) aged 4-18 years of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study collected in 2003-2009 were analyzed using linear mixed effects regression models. Free water reserve (FWR, measured urine volume (ml/24 h) minus the obligatory urine volume (ml/24 h)) was used as a marker for hydration status.

Dietary exposure assessments for children in europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design.

Background/purpose: The number of dietary exposure assessment studies focussing on children is very limited. Children are however a vulnerable group due to their higher food consumption level per kg body weight. Therefore, the EXPOCHI project aims 1 to create a relational network of individual food consumption databases in children, covering different geographical areas within Europe, and 2 to use these data to assess the usual intake of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours.

Dietary intake of nickel and zinc by young children--results from food duplicate portion measurements in comparison to data calculated from dietary records and available data on levels in food groups.

The daily dietary intake of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) by 42 young children, 21 boys and 21 girls, from 4 to 7 years of age, living in urban and rural areas of Germany and having different food consumption behaviour, was determined by the duplicate method with a 7-day sampling period. Dietary records were also kept by the children's parents for the 7-day sampling period. Individual reported food items were identified, assigned to food groups and, together with known Ni and Zn concentrations of foodstuffs, daily intake rates were calculated.

Effects of age and time on energy and macronutrient intake in German infants and young children: results of the DONALD study.

Objectives: To describe effects of age and time on the intake of energy and macronutrients in infants and young children.

Patients And Methods: The energy and macronutrient intake of 720 DONALD study participants between 1989 and 2003 was evaluated by analysing 3027 three-day weighed dietary records (including test weighing of breast milk consumption) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. Mixed models and logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of age and time on intake.

Consumption of homegrown products does not increase dietary intake of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury by young children living in an industrialized area of Germany.

The dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) was studied among young German children with different food consumption behaviour (consumption of own grown foodstuffs and of products from the supermarket). The study area comprised an industrialized and a rural area of West Germany. Dietary intake of contaminants was measured by the duplicate method according to the WHO guideline.

Estimation of the dietary intake of acrylamide by German infants, children and adolescents as calculated from dietary records and available data on acrylamide levels in food groups.

Dietary intakes of acrylamide for the general population were estimated by FAO/WHO to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 microg/(kg(bw) *d).