Chest imaging findings of chronic respiratory disease in HIV-infected adolescents on combined anti retro viral therapy.

Early treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival of children perinatally infected with HIV into adolescence. This population is at risk of long term complications related to HIV infection, particularly chronic respiratory disease. Limited data on chest imaging findings in HIV-infected adolescents, suggest that the predominant disease is of small and large airways: predominantly bronchiolitis obliterans or bronchiectasis.

Quantitative CT analysis for bronchiolitis obliterans in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents-comparison with controls and lung function data.

Objective: To compare quantitative chest CT parameters in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents with and without bronchiolitis obliterans compared with HIV-uninfected controls and their association with lung function measurements.

Materials And Methods: Seventy-eight (41 girls) HIV-infected adolescents with a mean age of 13.8 ± 1.

Risk-Stratification of Children Presenting to Ambulatory Paediatrics with First-Onset Seizures: Should We Order an Urgent CT Brain?

Introduction: A computed tomography (CT) brain scan is an often-utilised emergency department imaging modality to detect emergent intra-cranial pathology in a child with a first seizure. Identifying children at low risk of having a clinically significant intra-cranial abnormality could prevent unnecessary radiation exposure and contrast/sedation-related risks.

Objectives: To identify clinical variables which could predict clinically significant CT brain abnormalities and use recursive partitioning analysis to define a low-risk group of children in whom emergent CT brain can be deferred.

High-resolution computed tomography features of lung disease in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents on combined antiretroviral therapy.

Introduction: Chronic lung disease is common in perinatally HIV-infected children as they increasingly surviving into adolescence. There are few data on the radiologic spectrum of disease in this population.

Methods: Contrasted high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed in ambulatory South African adolescents enrolled in a prospective study of perinatally-infected adolescents aged 9 to 14 years established on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and followed for 36 months.

Unusual Presentation of Pulmonary Hydatidosis Mimicking Thoracic Malignancy in a Paediatric South African Patient.

In this case report, an illustrative case of pulmonary hydatidosis in a young South African girl is presented. The acute symptomatology, rapidly worsening clinical condition and the extremely atypical appearance of the hydatid cysts on imaging were initially misleading and raised suspicion for malignant disease.

Infantile intrathoracic large airway obstruction in a setting with a high prevalence of tuberculosis/HIV.

Background There has been no detailed analysis of the cause of intrathoracic large airway obstruction in infants in a resource-limited environment with a high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Aim To define the aetiology and severity of intrathoracic large airway obstruction in infants in a tertiary South African hospital with a high prevalence of PTB and HIV. Methods A retrospective study of infants was conducted with computerised tomography (CT) evidence of intrathoracic large airway obstruction from 1 January 2011 to 31 May 2014.

Clinicoradiologic response of neurologic tuberculous mass lesions in children treated with thalidomide.

Neurologic tuberculous pseudoabscesses that clinically progress despite conventional antituberculosis therapy may be responsive to adjuvant thalidomide, a potent tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. In this study, the addition of thalidomide provided substantial clinical benefit in the majority of patients, and magnetic resonance imaging evolution of lesions from early-stage "T2 bright" with edema to "T2 black" represented a marker of cure.

Central nervous system manifestations of HIV infection in children.

Vertically transmitted HIV infection is a major problem in the developing world due to the poor availability of antiretroviral agents to pregnant women. HIV is a neurotrophic virus and causes devastating neurological insults to the immature brain. The effects of the virus are further compounded by the opportunistic infections and neoplasms that occur as a result of the associated immune suppression.

The effects of misinterpretation of an artefact on multidetector row CT scans in children.

Background: Artefacts reflect problems with radiographic technique rather than true pathology. These may be misinterpreted as pathology with serious consequences. An artefact caused such problems in one paediatric imaging department.

Bridging bronchus and sling left pulmonary artery: a rare entity demonstrated by coronal CT with 3-D rendering display and minimal-intensity projections.

We present a 5-month-old boy with bridging bronchus associated with a sling left pulmonary artery, both of which are rare. Coronal CT using 3-D volume rendering technique was used to delineate the abnormality and plan surgery. We propose that this technique could be used as single diagnostic tool in a child who presents, as children with this anomaly do, with chronic or recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.