Antimicrobial efficacy of amine fluoride based tooth gels compared to a toothpaste in a phase 2/step 2 in-vitro test model.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of various gel formulations on plaque formation; different tooth gels were compared to a toothpaste containing comparable antimicrobial ingredients with regard to its microbiocidal activity. The study was conducted under the assumption, that a chief requirement for the prevention of plaque formation is the combination of mechanical removal and antimicrobial activity, and not the sole capability of mechanical plaque removal.

Methods: Ledermix(®) fluoride gel as commercially available with preservative, and without preservative and perfume oils, Elmex(®) gelée, and Meridol(®) toothpaste were tested in a standardized in-vitro test modification of the quantitative suspension test EN 1040.

Micrometastasis in the sentinel lymph node of breast cancer does not mandate completion axillary dissection.

Objective: To determine if micrometastatic disease in the sentinel lymph node is a predictor of non-sentinel lymph node (non-SLN) involvement in breast cancer.

Summary Background Data: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLN) is an accepted alternative to axillary dissection in staging breast cancer. If the SLN contains metastatic foci, the standard recommendation is completion axillary node dissection (CAD).