Comparative genomics of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli from broilers and humans in Norway.

Background: The usage of fluoroquinolones in Norwegian livestock production is very low, including in broiler production. Historically, quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) isolated from Norwegian production animals rarely occur. However, with the introduction of a selective screening method for QREC in the Norwegian monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary sector in 2014; 89.

Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in healthy poultry: Insights and perspectives from culturing and metagenomics.

Previously, Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to occur more frequently in healthy turkey flocks than in healthy broiler flocks in Norway. This study aimed to investigate whether this higher occurrence could be attributed to a greater abundance of K. pneumoniae in turkey flocks.

Polyether ionophore resistance in a one health perspective.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health and must be approached from a One Health perspective. Use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry can lead to dissemination and persistence of resistance in human pathogens. Polyether ionophores (PIs) have antimicrobial activities and are among the most extensively used feed additives for major production animals.

Estimation of epidemiological cut-off values for eight antibiotics used for treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae.

Interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are lacking for most antimicrobials used for bovine streptococcal mastitis. The objectives of this study were to determine (tentative) epidemiological cut-off ((T)ECOFF) values for clinically relevant antibiotics used for treatment of bovine mastitis, and to estimate the proportion of acquired resistance (non-wild-types) in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis.

From tide to table: A whole-year, coastal-wide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from marine bivalves.

This work is the first of its kind to report a whole-year and coastal-wide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli with samples from the EU imposed Norwegian surveillance programme for marine bivalves. In total, 390 bivalve samples collected from January to December in 2016 at 59 different harvest locations, were examined. The occurrence of resistant E.

Evaluation of the One Health-Ness of 20 Years of Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Norway.

We evaluated the One Health-ness (OH-ness) of the surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Norway by using the recently developed "Evaluation tool for One Health epidemiological surveillance capacities and capabilities" (OH-EpiCap tool). First, we defined the Norwegian AMR surveillance system that we would evaluate. The tool was applied by a group of stakeholders (key persons in the Norwegian AMR surveillance programmes and authors of this paper).

Pilot testing the EARS-Vet surveillance network for antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens from animals in the EU/EEA.

Introduction: As part of the EU Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Healthcare-Associated Infections, an initiative has been launched to build the European AMR Surveillance network in veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet). So far, activities included mapping national systems for AMR surveillance in animal bacterial pathogens, and defining the EARS-Vet objectives, scope, and standards. Drawing on these milestones, this study aimed to pilot test EARS-Vet surveillance, namely to (i) assess available data, (ii) perform cross-country analyses, and (iii) identify potential challenges and develop recommendations to improve future data collection and analysis.

Population dynamics and characteristics of from healthy poultry in Norway.

is an important opportunistic pathogen widely studied in relation to human infection and colonization. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding other niches that may inhabit. isolated from healthy broiler and turkey flocks in Norway in 2018 have previously been described with regard to population structure, sequence types (STs), and the presence of virulence- and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes.

Highly conserved composite transposon harbouring aerobactin in from pigs.

is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with severe invasive disease in humans. Hypervirulent , which are with several acquired virulence determinants such as the siderophore aerobactin and others, are more prominent in countries in South and South-East Asia compared to European countries. This pathotype is capable of causing liver abscesses in immunocompetent persons in the community.

Review and Analysis of National Monitoring Systems for Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Bacterial Pathogens in Europe: A Basis for the Development of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network in Veterinary Medicine (EARS-Vet).

The monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens of animals is not currently coordinated at European level. To fill this gap, experts of the European Union Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (EU-JAMRAI) recommended building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet). In this study, we (i) identified national monitoring systems for AMR in bacterial pathogens of animals (both companion and food-producing) among 27 countries affiliated to EU-JAMRAI, (ii) described their structures and operations, and (iii) analyzed their respective strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT).

Defining the scope of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet): a bottom-up and One Health approach.

Background: Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet) was proposed to strengthen the European One Health antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance approach.

Objectives: To define the combinations of animal species/production types/age categories/bacterial species/specimens/antimicrobials to be monitored in EARS-Vet.

Methods: The EARS-Vet scope was defined by consensus between 26 European experts.

Longitudinal Sampling Reveals Persistence of and Genetic Diversity in Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant From Norwegian Broiler Production.

There are knowledge gaps concerning dynamics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant and their plasmids in broiler production and the persistence of strains on broiler farms. Thus, we aimed at characterising ESC-resistant collected from all flocks reared on 10 different farms during a six-months sampling period. All isolates ( = 43) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and a subset of isolates ( = 7) were also sequenced using oxford nanopore technology and subsequent hybrid assembly in order to do in-depth characterisation of the ESC resistance plasmids.

Corrigendum: /IncI1-Iγ Plasmids Circulating in From Norwegian Broiler Production Are Related, but Distinguishable.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.

Corrigendum: /IncI1-Iγ Plasmids Circulating in From Norwegian Broiler Production Are Related, but Distinguishable.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.

Persistence of a Stx-Encoding Bacteriophage in Minced Meat Investigated by Application of an Improved DNA Extraction Method and Digital Droplet PCR.

Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens with Shiga toxins as the main virulence factor. Shiga toxins are encoded on Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages). Stx phages may exist as free bacteriophages in the environment or in foods or as prophages integrated into the host genome.

Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet).

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be tackled through a One Health approach, as stated in the World Health Organization Global Action Plan on AMR. We describe the landscape of AMR surveillance in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and underline a gap regarding veterinary medicine. Current AMR surveillance efforts are of limited help to veterinary practitioners and policymakers seeking to improve antimicrobial stewardship in animal health.

The Effect of Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids Carrying on Biofilm Formation by from the Broiler Production Chain.

Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESCR ) with plasmids carrying the resistance gene have been isolated from the Norwegian broiler production chain through the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in animals, food and feed, NORM-VET. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biofilm forming abilities of these strains, and in particular to see whether these might be influenced by the carriage of plasmids. The ESCR from the broiler production chain displayed relatively low biofilm forming abilities in the crystal violet biofilm assay as compared to quinolone-resistant (QREC) from the same population (mean ± SD = 0.

Eradication with Enrofloxacin May Lead to Dissemination and Long-Term Persistence of Quinolone Resistant in Pig Herds.

Norway has a favourable situation with regard to health status and antimicrobial usage in the pig production sector. However, one of the major disease-causing agents in the commercial pig population is (APP). In some herds, APP eradication has been performed by using enrofloxacin in combination with a partial herd depopulation.

The prevalence and genomic context of Shiga toxin 2a genes in E. coli found in cattle.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that cause severe disease predominantly carry the toxin gene variant stx2a. However, the role of Shiga toxin in the ruminant reservoirs of this zoonotic pathogen is poorly understood and strains that cause severe disease in humans (HUSEC) likely constitute a small and atypical subset of the overall STEC flora. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of stx2a in samples from cattle and to isolate and characterize stx2a-positive E.

Comparative Genome Analyses of Wild Type- and Quinolone Resistant Indicate Dissemination of QREC in the Norwegian Broiler Breeding Pyramid.

Quinolones are important antimicrobials for both humans and animals, and resistance toward these compounds is a serious threat to public health. In Norway, quinolone resistant (QREC) have been detected at low levels in a high proportion of broiler flocks, even without the use of quinolones in rearing of broilers. Due to the pyramidal structure of broiler breeding, QREC isolates may be disseminated from grandparent animals down through the pyramid.

/IncI1-Iγ Plasmids Circulating in From Norwegian Broiler Production Are Related, but Distinguishable.

carrying mediating resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was recently described as a new genotype in Norwegian broiler production. The aim of this study was to characterize these isolates ( = 31) in order to determine whether the emergence of the genotype was caused by clonal expansion or horizontal dissemination of -carrying plasmids. All included isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing.

Biofilm forming properties of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli from the broiler production chain and their dynamics in mixed biofilms.

Background: Quinolone resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) have been found in samples from Norwegian broiler chicken, despite quinolones not being administered to poultry in Norway. Biofilm production may be one factor contributing to the observed persistence in the broiler production chain. In the present study, 158 QREC strains from chicken caecal and retail meat samples were screened for biofilm production in microtiter plates, biofilm morphotype on Congo Red (CR) agar plates and phylotype by multiplex PCR.

Dissemination of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli in the Norwegian Broiler and Pig Production Chains and Possible Persistence in the Broiler Production Environment.

In Norway, the use of quinolones in livestock populations is very low, and prophylactic use is prohibited. Despite this, quinolone-resistant (QREC) isolates are present at low levels in several animal species. The source of these QREC isolates is unknown.

Significant reduction of vancomycin resistant E. faecium in the Norwegian broiler population coincided with measures taken by the broiler industry to reduce antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) belong to the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. It has been reported that use of the glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin selected for a significant livestock-reservoir of VRE in many European countries, including Norway. However, although avoparcin was banned as a feed-additive in 1995, VRE have for unknown reasons consistently been reported in samples from Norwegian broilers.

Occurrence of and risk factors for extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae determined by sampling of all Norwegian broiler flocks during a six month period.

All broiler flocks reared and slaughtered in Norway from May-October 2016 (n = 2110) were screened for the presence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) -resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Furthermore, we investigated possible risk factors for occurrence of such bacteria in broiler flocks. The odds of a flock being positive for ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae increased if the previous flock in the same house was positive, and if the flock was reared during September-October.