Sex differences in risk factors for retinopathy in non-diabetic men and women: the Tromsø Eye Study.

Purpose:   To determine the prevalence and risk factors for retinopathy in a nondiabetic population.

Methods:   The study population included 5869 participants without diabetes aged 38-87 years from the Tromsø Eye Study, a substudy of the population-based Tromsø Study in Norway. Retinal images from both eyes were graded for retinopathy.

Retinal vascular calibre and response to light exposure and serial imaging.

Purpose: To investigate whether retinal vessel calibre measurements on optical retinal photography are affected by light and dark exposure prior to photography and whether the vessel calibre changes during an imaging sequence of several images.

Methods: Digital optical retinal photographs were obtained from 32 healthy adults in two separate image sequences of six images during 1 min; one sequence with 10 min of dark exposure and one with 10 min of light exposure prior to imaging. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibres were measured computer-assisted and summarized as central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE and CRVE).

Long-term associations between serum lipids and panretinal photocoagulation in type 1 diabetes.

Aims: To examine the predictive value of serum lipids on the need for panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) treatment in a long-term follow-up of a cohort of Danish type 1 diabetic patients.

Methods: A total of 243 type 1 diabetic patients were included from a population-based cohort. Of these, 25 patients (10.

Is smoking a risk factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes?

Aim: The aim was to evaluate if smoking was a risk factor for proliferative retinopathy (PDR) in a 25-year follow-up study.

Methods: 201 persons from a population-based cohort of Danish type 1 diabetic patients were examined at baseline and again 25 years later. At both examinations the patients were asked about their smoking habits.

Long-term outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy for low to high myopia: 13 to 19 years of follow-up.

Purpose: To evaluate long-term outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

Methods: A retrospective follow-up study of patients who received PRK at 5.0- to 6.

Tromsø eye study: prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of visual impairment, retinopathy and macular oedema, and assess risk factors for retinopathy in persons with diabetes.

Methods: The present study included 514 participants with diabetes aged 46-87 years from the Tromsø Eye Study, a sub-study of the population-based Tromsø Study in Norway. Visual acuity was measured using an auto-refractor.

Associations between diabetic retinopathy and plasma levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein or von Willebrand factor in long-term type 1 diabetic patients.

Purpose: To evaluate high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and von Willebrand factor as possible plasma markers of diabetic retinopathy in a population-based cohort of type 1 diabetic patients.

Materials And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 201 type 1 diabetic patients from a population-based cohort from Fyn County, Denmark. Plasma levels of hs-CRP and von Willebrand factor antigen were measured and related to the level of diabetic retinopathy (DR) as evaluated by dilated nine-field 45 degree monoscopic fundus photos captured by Topcon TRC-NWS6 and graded according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) adaptation of the modified Airlie House classification of DR.

Proliferative retinopathy predicts nephropathy: a 25-year follow-up study of type 1 diabetic patients.

We wanted to examine proliferative retinopathy as a marker of incident nephropathy in a 25-year follow-up study of a population-based cohort of Danish type 1 diabetic patients and to examine cross-sectional associations between nephropathy and retinopathy in long-term surviving patients of the same cohort. All type 1 diabetic patients from Fyn County, Denmark, were identified as of 1 July 1973. One hundred and eighty four patients were examined in 1981-1982 (baseline) and in 2007-2008 (follow-up).

[Endophthalmitis is an acute disease which threatens the vision].

Endophthalmitis is one of the most serious and most dreaded complications in ophthalmology. It is most often seen as a complication to intraocular surgery and especially after cataract surgery. Approximately 90% of the cases of endophthalmitis are caused by bacteria.

Electrophysiological assessment of retinal function during 6 months of bevacizumab treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the alteration of retinal function by multifocal electroretinography and full-field electroretinography in patients with age-related macular degeneration treated with bevacizumab.

Methods: We performed a prospective pilot study of 26 eyes of 26 previously treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration receiving intravitreal injections with 1.25 mg bevacizumab.

Retinal vascular fractals and microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: Fractal analysis is a method to quantify the geometric pattern and complexity of the retinal vessels. This study examined the association of retinal fractal dimension (D(f)) and microvascular and macrovascular complications in a population-based cohort of Danish patients with type 1 diabetes.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Major diabetes-related vascular events do not improve glycaemic control in a population-based cohort of type 1 diabetic individuals.

Objective: It is known that sudden serious events alter life styles related to treatment efficiency, as for example in cancer patients. However, it has not been specifically addressed if a first-time diabetes-related clinical event has impact on glycaemic regulation. We therefore assessed this in a population-based cohort of patients with long-term type 1 diabetes.

Blindness in a 25-year follow-up of a population-based cohort of Danish type 1 diabetic patients.

Purpose: To assess the long-term incidence of blindness and to evaluate risk factors for blindness in a population-based cohort of type 1 diabetic patients.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: A population-based cohort of 573 type 1 diabetic patients, all of whom participated in a clinical ophthalmologic examination in 1981 and 1982 and were followed up for 25 years.

Retinal arterioles have impaired reactivity to hyperoxia in type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: Diabetes has adverse effects on the retinal microvasculature. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of inhalation of hypoxic, hyperoxic and normoxic-hypercapnic gas mixtures on retinal vessel diameter in people with and without diabetes.

Methods: Sixty-one participants (aged 24-50 years) 29 with (male : female ratio 2.

Risk factors for mortality and ischemic heart disease in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes.

Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of glycemic regulation, dyslipidemia, and renal dysfunction on mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a long-term follow-up of a population-based cohort of Danish type 1 diabetic patients with at least 20 years of diabetes.

Methods: A population-based cohort of type 1 diabetic patients was identified as of July 1, 1973 (n=727). In 1993 to 1996, the cohort was reassessed and baseline data were collected from blood and urine samples in 389 patients.

Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: three randomized trials.

Background: Microalbuminuria in diabetes is strongly predictive of nephropathy, end-stage renal disease, and premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Effective preventive therapies are therefore a clinical priority.

Objective: To determine whether the angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan compared with placebo affects microalbuminuria incidence or rate of change in albuminuria in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in treatment-naive patients.

Purpose: To report the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in treatment-naive patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) assessed by visual acuity (VA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and contrast sensitivity.

Methods:  A prospective, uncontrolled, pilot study of 26 eyes of 26 patients, all previously treatment-naive to photodynamic therapy, argon laser or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were treated with one or more intravitreal injections of 1.25 mg bevacizumab.

Effect of candesartan on progression and regression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes (DIRECT-Protect 2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy remains a leading cause of visual loss in people of working age. We examined whether candesartan treatment could slow the progression and, secondly, induce regression of retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We did a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in 309 centres worldwide.

Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials.

Background: Results of previous studies suggest that renin-angiotensin system blockers might reduce the burden of diabetic retinopathy. We therefore designed the DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme to assess whether candesartan could reduce the incidence and progression of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.

Methods: Two randomised, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trials were done in 309 centres worldwide.

Prospects for angiotensin receptor blockers in diabetic retinopathy.

Retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, and is an important cause of blindness worldwide. Clinical trials have demonstrated that tight metabolic control inhibits the progression of retinopathy. Good blood pressure control has been shown to be protective in type 2 diabetes, and it may also reduce proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.

The DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme: baseline characteristics.

Renin-angiotensin system blockade has been shown to be superior to other antihypertensive therapy in slowing progression of renal disease in diabetic patients, but questions remain regarding diabetic retinopathy. The primary objective of the DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme is to examine primary (incidence) and secondary (progression) prevention of diabetic retinopathy when blocking angiotensin II type 1-receptors with candesartan in normoalbuminuric, normotensive Type 1 diabetic patients, and secondary prevention only in normoalbuminuric, normotensive or treated hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients. The secondary objectives include examining the effect of candesartan treatment on urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in each of the three studies and to examine the incidence of proliferative retinopathy in all three populations combined.

Diabetic retinopathy is associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence: the EURODIAB prospective complications study.

Objective: To study the relationship of nonproliferative and proliferative retinopathy with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in type 1 diabetic patients and, additionally, the role of cardiovascular risk factors in these associations.

Research Design And Methods: This prospective study included 2,237 type 1 diabetic patients from 31 centers in 16 European countries at baseline, aged 15-60 years, who were examined for retinopathy by taking two-field 45 degrees fundus photographs, which were centrally graded. Mortality and cardiovascular morbidity follow-up was assessed 6-8 years after baseline examination according to a standardized protocol.