Long-term urology outcomes of anorectal malformation.

Introduction: Urological problems are a recognised feature of anorectal malformation (ARM). Previous assumptions of favourable long-term urinary outcomes are being challenged.

Objective: We hypothesised that urinary tract problems are common in ARM and frequently persist into adulthood.

A Smartphone App for Supporting the Self-management of Daytime Urinary Incontinence in Adolescents: Development and Formative Evaluation Study of URApp.

Background: Daytime urinary incontinence (UI) is common in childhood and often persists into adolescence. UI in adolescence is associated with a range of adverse outcomes, including depressive symptoms, peer victimization, poor self-image, and problems with peer relationships. The first-line conservative treatment for UI is bladder training (standard urotherapy) that aims to establish a regular fluid intake and a timed schedule for toilet visits.

Urodynamic characterization of giggle incontinence in children.

Aims: Giggle incontinence is a rare condition resulting in excessive urinary incontinence with laughter, where bladder function is otherwise "normal." Urodynamic descriptions of the condition to date are limited. We believe that giggle incontinence has characteristic urodynamic findings.

Dysfunctional voiding: the importance of non-invasive urodynamics in diagnosis and treatment.

In Dysfunctional voiding, failure of the external sphincter-pelvic floor complex to relax during micturition results in bladder outflow obstruction with a spectrum of presentation from more benign lower urinary tract dysfunction including recurrent urinary tract infections, to significant upper tract pathology and end-stage renal failure. There is no underlying neurological or anatomical cause and the condition is postulated to be a largely learnt behavior. Diagnosis relies on non-invasive urodynamics and in particular uroflowmetry, plus or minus EMG, which is also used in biofeedback, the mainstay of treatment.

Electroneurostimulation for the management of bladder bowel dysfunction in childhood.

Both non-invasive and invasive electroneurostimulation (ENS) modalities for bladder bowel dysfunction have been studied and reported in children. A summary of the proposed mechanism of actions and the more commonly used and recently reported techniques and outcomes are described. This includes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, functional electrical nerve stimulation, intravesical electrical nerve stimulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and sacral neuromodulation in conditions including overactive bladder, enuresis, dysfunctional voiding, constipation, combined bladder bowel dysfunction and neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction.