DeePSC: A Deep Learning Model for Automated Diagnosis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis at Two-dimensional MR Cholangiopancreatography.

Purpose: To develop, train, and validate a multiview deep convolutional neural network (DeePSC) for the automated diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) on two-dimensional MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included two-dimensional MRCP datasets of 342 patients (45 years ± 14 [SD]; 207 male patients) with confirmed diagnosis of PSC and 264 controls (51 years ± 16; 150 male patients). MRCP images were separated into 3-T ( = 361) and 1.

A review on the application of deep learning for CT reconstruction, bone segmentation and surgical planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) allows clinicians to personalize treatments and surgical interventions and has therefore become an increasingly popular treatment modality in maxillofacial surgery. The current maxillofacial CAS consists of three main steps: (1) CT image reconstruction, (2) bone segmentation, and (3) surgical planning. However, each of these three steps can introduce errors that can heavily affect the treatment outcome.

Priming of Anti-tumor Immune Mechanisms by Radiotherapy Is Augmented by Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90.

Radiotherapy is an essential part of multi-modal cancer therapy. Nevertheless, for certain cancer entities such as colorectal cancer (CRC) the indications of radiotherapy are limited due to anatomical peculiarities and high radiosensitivity of the surrounding normal tissue. The development of molecularly targeted, combined modality approaches may help to overcome these limitations.

S100A10 Is a Critical Mediator of GAS6/AXL-Induced Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. However, antiangiogenic agents have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), AXL expression is associated with antiangiogenic resistance and poor survival.

Priming anti-tumor immunity by radiotherapy: Dying tumor cell-derived DAMPs trigger endothelial cell activation and recruitment of myeloid cells.

The major goal of radiotherapy is the induction of tumor cell death. Additionally, radiotherapy can function as cancer vaccination by exposing tumor antigens and providing adjuvants for anti-tumor immune priming. In this regard, the mode of tumor cell death and the repertoire of released damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are crucial.

A novel HSP90 inhibitor with reduced hepatotoxicity synergizes with radiotherapy to induce apoptosis, abrogate clonogenic survival, and improve tumor control in models of colorectal cancer.

The chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) crucially supports the maturation, folding, and stability of a variety of client proteins which are of pivotal importance for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Consequently, targeting of HSP90 has emerged as an attractive strategy of anti-cancer therapy, and it appears to be particularly effective in the context of molecular sensitization towards radiotherapy as has been proven in preclinical models of different cancer entities. However, so far the clinical translation has largely been hampered by suboptimal pharmacological properties and serious hepatotoxicity of first- and second-generation HSP90 inhibitors.

HSP90 inhibition as a means of radiosensitizing resistant, aggressive soft tissue sarcomas.

Radiotherapy is an essential part of multi-modal treatment for soft tissue sarcomas. Treatment failure is commonly attributed to radioresistance, but comprehensive analyses of radiosensitivity are not available, and suitable biomarkers or candidates for targeted radiosensitization are scarce. Here, we systematically analyzed the intrinsic radioresistance of a panel of soft tissue sarcoma cell lines, and extracted scores of radioresistance by principal component analysis (PCA).

Targeting the heat shock response in combination with radiotherapy: Sensitizing cancer cells to irradiation-induced cell death and heating up their immunogenicity.

Radiotherapy represents an essential treatment option for the majority of cancer patients in different stages of their disease. Physical achievements of the recent years led to the implementation of high precision treatment planning procedures, and image-guided dose delivery is current state of the art. Yet, radiotherapy still faces several limitations with cancer intrinsic radioresistance being a key driver of therapeutic failure.

Release of monocyte migration signals by breast cancer cell lines after ablative and fractionated γ-irradiation.

Background: Radiotherapy, administered in fractionated as well as ablative settings, is an essential treatment component for breast cancer. Besides the direct tumor cell death inducing effects, there is growing evidence that immune mechanisms contribute - at least in part - to its therapeutic success. The present study was designed to characterize the type and the extent of cell death induced by fractionated and ablative radiotherapy as well as its impact on the release of monocyte migration stimulating factors by dying breast cancer cells.

Current concepts in clinical radiation oncology.

Based on its potent capacity to induce tumor cell death and to abrogate clonogenic survival, radiotherapy is a key part of multimodal cancer treatment approaches. Numerous clinical trials have documented the clear correlation between improved local control and increased overall survival. However, despite all progress, the efficacy of radiation-based treatment approaches is still limited by different technological, biological, and clinical constraints.

Serum-derived plasminogen is activated by apoptotic cells and promotes their phagocytic clearance.

The elimination of apoptotic cells, called efferocytosis, is fundamentally important for tissue homeostasis and prevents the onset of inflammation and autoimmunity. Serum proteins are known to assist in this complex process. In the current study, we performed a multistep chromatographic fractionation of human serum and identified plasminogen, a protein involved in fibrinolysis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling, as a novel serum-derived factor promoting apoptotic cell removal.

Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy.

The induction of tumor cell death is one of the major goals of radiotherapy and has been considered to be the central determinant of its therapeutic outcome for a long time. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the success of radiotherapy does not only derive from direct cytotoxic effects on the tumor cells alone, but instead might also depend - at least in part - on innate as well as adaptive immune responses, which can particularly target tumor cells that survive local irradiation. The clearance of dying tumor cells by phagocytic cells of the innate immune system represents a crucial step in this scenario.