Structural basis of G-quadruplex DNA recognition by the yeast telomeric protein Rap1.

G-quadruplexes are four-stranded nucleic acid structures involved in multiple cellular pathways including DNA replication and telomere maintenance. Such structures are formed by G-rich DNA sequences typified by telomeric DNA repeats. Whilst there is evidence for proteins that bind and regulate G-quadruplex formation, the molecular basis for this remains poorly understood.

MiR-135b is a direct PAX6 target and specifies human neuroectoderm by inhibiting TGF-β/BMP signaling.

Several transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in neuroectoderm (NE) development, and recently, the TF PAX6 was shown to be critical for human NE specification. However, microRNA networks regulating human NE development have been poorly documented. We hypothesized that microRNAs activated by PAX6 should promote NE development.

Knowledge on the subject of human physiology among Polish high school students--a cross-sectional study.

Background: In most cases the only knowledge an individual will receive with regards to their own body and its proper functioning is during their high school education. The aim of this study was to evaluate high school students' knowledge about basic physiology.

Material And Methods: The research was carried out in five, randomly chosen high schools in Krakow, Poland.