Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Fills During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Denmark.

Background And Objectives: Females of reproductive age are increasingly using attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication, but its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of ADHD medication fills during pregnancy and breastfeeding, including characteristics of these females and cohort differences over time.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive study using Danish nationwide registers.

High-dimensional mediation analysis to elucidate the role of metabolites in the association between PFAS exposure and reduced SARS-CoV-2 IgG in pregnancy.

Objective: We previously found that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixture exposure is inversely associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG (IgG) antibody levels in pregnant individuals. Here, we aim to identify metabolites mediating this relationship to elucidate the underlying biological pathways.

Methods: We included 59 pregnant participants from a US-based pregnancy cohort.

Inflammatory markers in pregnancy - surprisingly stable. Mapping trajectories and drivers in four large cohorts.

Adaptations of the immune system throughout gestation have been proposed as important mechanisms regulating successful pregnancy. Dysregulation of the maternal immune system has been associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. To translate findings from mechanistic preclinical studies to human pregnancies, studies of serum immune markers are the mainstay.

SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation and birth outcomes in a prospective NYC pregnancy cohort.

Associations between antenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy outcomes have been conflicting and the role of the immune system is currently unclear. This prospective cohort study investigated the interaction of antenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection, changes in cytokine and HS-CRP levels, birthweight and gestational age at birth. 2352 pregnant participants from New York City (2020-2022) were included.

The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination on Th17 and regulatory T cells in a pregnancy cohort in NYC.

Disturbances in T-cells, specifically the Th17/Treg balance, have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated these two T-cell populations following pre-pregnancy and pregnancy SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in 351 participants from a pregnancy cohort in New York City (Generation C; 2020-2022). SARS-CoV-2 infection status was determined via laboratory or medical diagnosis and COVID-19 vaccination status via survey and electronic medical records data.

Exposure to prenatal infection and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems in children: a longitudinal population-based study.

Background: A large body of work has reported a link between prenatal exposure to infection and increased psychiatric risk in offspring. However, studies to date have focused primarily on exposure to severe prenatal infections and/or individual psychiatric diagnoses in clinical samples, typically measured at single time points, and without accounting for important genetic and environmental confounders. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to common infections during pregnancy is prospectively associated with repeatedly assessed child psychiatric symptoms in a large population-based study.

Increased postpartum anxiety symptoms after perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large, prospective pregnancy cohort in New York City.

Numerous studies reported an increase of postpartum mood symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and perinatal mental health is less well understood. We investigated the associations between prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms, including examinations of infection timing and pandemic timeline.

Prenatal antidepressant exposure and the risk of decreased gestational age and lower birthweight: A polygenic score approach to investigate confounding by indication.

Introduction: Prenatal antidepressant exposure has been associated with lower gestational age and birthweight. Yet, unmeasured residual confounding may inflate this association. We explored if maternal genetic liability for major depression explains part of the association of antidepressant use in pregnancy with lower gestational age and birthweight.

Long-term effects of prenatal infection on the human brain: a prospective multimodal neuroimaging study.

There is convincing evidence from rodent studies suggesting that prenatal infections affect the offspring's brain, but evidence in humans is limited. Here, we assessed the occurrence of common infections during each trimester of pregnancy and examined associations with brain outcomes in adolescent offspring. Our study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a large-scale sociodemographically diverse prospective birth cohort.

The Association Between Prenatal Infection and Adolescent Behavior: Investigating Multiple Prenatal, Perinatal, and Childhood Second Hits.

Objective: Exposure to infections during pregnancy may be a potential risk factor for later psychopathology, but large-scale epidemiological studies investigating associations between prenatal infection and long-term offspring behavioral problems in the general population are scarce. In our study, we aimed to investigate the following: (1) the association between prenatal infection and adolescent behavior, (2) putative underlying pathways (mediation), and (3) "second hits" interacting with prenatal infection to increase the risk of adolescent behavior problems (moderation).

Method: Our study was embedded in a prospective Dutch pregnancy cohort (Generation R; n = 2,213 mother-child dyads).

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Titer Levels in Pregnant Individuals After Infection, Vaccination, or Both.

We examined differences in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in pregnant individuals with natural, vaccine-induced, or combined immunity. Participants had live or nonlive births between 2020 and 2022, were seropositive (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, anti-S), and had available mRNA vaccination and infection information (n=260). We compared titer levels among three immunity profiles: 1) natural immunity (n=191), 2) vaccine-induced immunity (n=37), and 3) combined immunity (ie, natural and vaccine-induced immunity; n=32).

Association Between Mental Health and Reproductive System Disorders in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Reproductive system and mental health disorders are commonly comorbid in women. Although the causes of this overlap remain elusive, evidence suggests potential shared environmental and genetic factors associated with risk.

Objective: To investigate the comorbidity between psychiatric and reproductive system disorders, both as broad diagnostic categories and among specific pairs of diagnoses.

Cross-sectional associations of maternal PFAS exposure on SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels during pregnancy.

Background: Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are man-made, persistent organic compounds with immune-modulating potentials. Given that pregnancy itself represents an altered state of immunity, PFAS exposure-related immunotoxicity is an important environmental factor to consider in SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy as it may further affect humoral immune responses.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between maternal plasma PFAS concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in a NYC-based pregnancy cohort.

Impact of prenatal COVID-19 vaccination on delivery and neonatal outcomes: Results from a New York City cohort.

Research suggest prenatal vaccination against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is safe. However, previous studies utilized retrospectively collected data or examined late pregnancy vaccinations. We investigated the associations of COVID-19 vaccination throughout pregnancy with delivery and neonatal outcomes.

The incidence of depressive episodes is different before, during, and after pregnancy: A population-based study.

Background: Depressive episodes during pregnancy are widely investigated but it is still unknown whether pregnancy is a high-risk period compared to the pre-pregnancy period. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence and recurrence of depressive episodes before, during, and after pregnancy.

Methods: In the current population-based registry study, we calculated monthly incidence and recurrence of psychiatric inpatient admissions and outpatient psychiatric contact for depressive episodes.

Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on obstetric outcomes: Results from a prospective cohort in the Netherlands.

Results of a large prospective pregnancy cohort in the Netherlands show no association of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection prior to 28 weeks of gestation with adverse obstetric outcomes.

Gestational SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with placental expression of immune and trophoblast genes.

Introduction: Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and can have effects on the placenta, even in the absence of severe disease or vertical transmission to the fetus. This study aimed to evaluate histopathologic and molecular effects in the placenta after SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.

Methods: We performed a study of 45 pregnant participants from the Generation C prospective cohort study at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City.

The influence of structural racism, pandemic stress, and SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes.

Background: Structural racism and pandemic-related stress from the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes.

Objective: Our objective was to examine associations between neighborhood measures of structural racism and pandemic stress with 3 outcomes: SARS-CoV-2 infection, preterm birth, and delivering small-for-gestational-age newborns. Our secondary objective was to investigate the joint association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and neighborhood measures with preterm birth and delivering small-for-gestational-age newborns.

The long-term impact of elevated C-reactive protein levels during pregnancy on brain morphology in late childhood.

Importance: Animal studies show that Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) may have detrimental effects on fetal brain development. Clinical studies provide evidence for structural brain abnormalities in human neonates following MIA, but no study has investigated the long-term effects of MIA (as measured with biomarkers) on human brain morphology ten years after the exposure.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the long-term impact of MIA on brain morphology in 10-year-old children, including the possible mediating role of gestational age at birth.

Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes: A comprehensive investigation of previously identified associations.

Objective: Prenatal antidepressant use is widespread. Observational studies have investigated the neonatal effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure with inconclusive results. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and the most commonly studied adverse neonatal outcomes: preterm birth, birthweight, poor neonatal adaptation, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN), neonatal admission and congenital malformations.

Antidepressant discontinuation before or during pregnancy and risk of psychiatric emergency in Denmark: A population-based propensity score-matched cohort study.

Background: Women prescribed antidepressants face the dilemma of whether or not to continue their treatment during pregnancy. Currently, limited evidence is available on the efficacy of continuing versus discontinuing antidepressant treatment during pregnancy to aid their decision. We aimed to estimate whether antidepressant discontinuation before or during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric emergency (ascertained by psychiatric admission or emergency room visit), a proxy measure of severe exacerbation of symptoms/mental health crisis.

Association of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants With the Timing and Type of Antidepressants In Utero.

This population-based cohort study examines the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension among newborns in Denmark after antidepressant exposure in utero.

SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and associated outcomes: Results from an ongoing prospective cohort.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global health threat, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Questions remain about how SARS-CoV-2 impacts pregnant individuals and their children.

Objective: To expand our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, regardless of symptomatology, by using serological tests to measure IgG antibody levels.