The prognostic value of programmed cell death protein ligand 1 in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy: Current status.

Objective: To summarise the current evidence of the significance and prognostic value of programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy.

Methods: A search was conducted in May 2020 of three electronic databases; MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE. In this review we included results from original studies investigating the relationship between the PD-L1 expression and BCG response in patients with NMIBC.

COVID-19 and the urological practice: changes and future perspectives.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought great challenges to the management of urological patients. Like most surgical specialties, urology has shifted towards an emergency mentality. Currently, the beginning of the de-escalation phase of the pandemic has been observed, which will certainly pose new challenges to the urological community.

Post-treatment with rapamycin does not prevent epileptogenesis in the amygdala stimulation model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Approximately 30% of all epilepsy cases are acquired. At present there is no effective strategy to stop epilepsy development after the precipitating insult. Recent data from experimental models pointed to the mTOR pathway, which can be potently inhibited by rapamycin.

Status epilepticus evokes prolonged increase in the expression of CCL3 and CCL4 mRNA and protein in the rat brain.

CCL3 and CCL4 are proinflammatory chemokines belonging to the CC family. Increase in expression of mRNA coding for various chemokines including CCL3 and CCL4 has been often detected with global transcriptome profiling of brain tissue following epileptogenic stimuli as well as in epilepsy in experimental models and in human patients. Despite this, little is known about the expression of these proteins in epileptogenesis or epilepsy.