Hypospadias as a novel feature in spinal bulbar muscle atrophy.

Spinal and bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The SBMA phenotype consists of slowly progressive neuromuscular symptoms and undermasculinization features as the result of malfunction of the AR. The latter mainly includes gynecomastia and infertility.

Hypospadias and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Background: Hypospadias (aberrant opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis) occurs in 1 per 300 newborn boys. It has been previously unknown whether this common malformation is associated with increased psychiatric morbidity later in life. Studies of individuals with hypospadias also provide an opportunity to examine whether difference in androgen signaling is related to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Population based nationwide study of hypospadias in Sweden, 1973 to 2009: incidence and risk factors.

Purpose: We studied the incidence of hypospadias in Sweden during a 40-year period to determine if changes were associated with known risk factors.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed prospective data from nationwide health care and demographic registers collected for all males (1,948,591 total) born in Sweden between 1973 and 2009. The incidence of hypospadias per 1,000 live-born boys was calculated as number of cases divided by total number of births yearly.