Background: Scarce data are available on the long-term immunological effects of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying treatments (DMTs).
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the long-term modifications of the peripheral immune repertoire on interruption of a sequestering DMT (natalizumab, fingolimod) and switch to another high-efficacy DMT.
Methods: Lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed, every 6 months up to 48 months, in patients switched from fingolimod or natalizumab to ocrelizumab, and in patients switched from fingolimod to natalizumab, compared to patients switched to ocrelizumab or natalizumab from a moderate-efficacy DMT and to naive patients.
Background: Leptomeningeal enhancement (LME) has been described as a biomarker of meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS).
Objective: The aim of this study was to (1) assess if LME is predictive of disability worsening in progressive MS (pMS) patients and (2) investigate the pathological substrates of LME in an independent post-mortem MS series.
Methods: In total, 115 pMS patients were imaged yearly with 1.