Till evolution do us part: The diversity of symbiotic associations across populations of Philaenus spittlebugs.

Symbiotic bacteria have played crucial roles in the evolution of sap-feeding insects and can strongly affect host function. However, their diversity and distribution within species are not well understood; we do not know to what extent environmental factors or associations with other species may affect microbial community profiles. We addressed this question in Philaenus spittlebugs by surveying both insect and bacterial marker gene amplicons across multiple host populations.

Expanding the Chromosomal Evolution Understanding of Lygaeioid True Bugs (Lygaeoidea, Pentatomomorpha, Heteroptera) by Classical and Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis.

The Lygaeoidea comprise about 4660 species in 790 genera and 16 families. Using standard chromosome staining and FISH with 18S rDNA and telomeric (TTAGG) probes, we studied male karyotypes and meiosis in 10 species of Lygaeoidea belonging to eight genera of the families Blissidae, Cymidae, Heterogastridae, Lygaeidae, and Rhyparochromidae. Chromosome numbers were shown to range from 12 to 28, with 2n = 14 being predominant.

A new species of the genus Amyot et Serville, 1843 (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), with data on its chromosome complement.

A new species, (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Rhaphidosomatini), is described from the Dry Zone of Myanmar. It is the fifth species of Amyot et Serville, 1843, known from the Oriental Region, and the first record of the genus for Myanmar and Indochina. The structure of the external and internal terminalia of the male and female is described and illustrated in detail.

Highly divergent karyotypes and barcoding of the East African genus Gonatoxia Karsch (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae).

East Africa is a hotspot of biodiversity of many orthopteran taxa, including bushcrickets. Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 species are fully alate Phaneropterinae, which are perfectly adapted to the foliage of forests. We examined five species using combined cytogenetic and molecular data to determine the inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity.

A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini).

The Nearctic shield-back katydid genus Neduba is revised. Species boundaries were demarcated by molecular phylogenetic analysis, morphology, quantitative analysis of calling songs, and karyotypes. Nine previously described species are redescribed: N.

Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket Hemp, 2016 (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae).

Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence hybridization (FISH) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG) telomeric probes.

Variation in the number of testicular follicles and ovarioles among 18 lacewing species of the families Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, and Nemopteridae (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiformia).

The representatives of the lacewing families Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, and Nemopteridae (the suborder Myrmeleontiformia) were studied with reference to the number of testicular follicles in males and the number of ovarioles in females. We have found that the number of follicles is highly variable, at least in the first two families. In the comparatively more fully explored family Myrmeleontidae, the species studied have three to several hundred follicles per testis, the dominant values being six and five.

Cytogenetic Characterization of Eight Odonata Species Originating from the Curonian Spit (the Baltic Sea, Russia) Using C-Banding and FISH with 18S rDNA and Telomeric (TTAGG)n Probes.

We studied the karyotypes of 8 dragonfly species originating from the Curonian Spit (the Baltic Sea, Russia) using C-banding and FISH with 18S rDNA and "insect" telomeric (TTAGG)n probes. Our results show that Leucorrhinia rubicunda, Libellula depressa, L. quadrimaculata, Orthetrum cancellatum, Sympetrum danae, and S.

Karyotype stability in the family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) revealed by chromosome techniques and FISH with telomeric (TTAGG) and 18S rDNA probes.

We report several chromosomal traits in 11 species from 8 genera of the planthopper family Issidae, the tribes Issini, Parahiraciini and Hemisphaeriini. All species present a 2n = 27, X(0) chromosome complement known to be ancestral for the family. The karyotype is conserved in structure and consists of a pair of very large autosomes; the remaining chromosomes gradually decrease in size and the X chromosome is one of the smallest in the complement.

Characterization of Heterochromatin in the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Meigen and Chironomuspiger Strenzke (Diptera, Chironomidae) by Differential and Fluorochrome Staining.

The constitutive heterochromatin of two homosequential sibling species, Chironomus riparius and Chironomus piger, was studied. The salivary gland chromosomes of both species were analyzed using three staining methods: orcein and C band staining combined with DAPI and CMA3 fluorochrome staining. Both species have the chromosome set 2n = 8, with the same banding pattern and chromosome arm combinations: AB, CD, EF, G, but they differed in number and distribution of heterochromatic bands, AT-rich sequences (DAPI+) and GC-rich sequences (CMA3+).

Relations of Wolbachia Infection with Phylogeography of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) Populations Within and Beyond the Carpathian Contact Zone.

Wolbachia is the most widespread intracellular α-proteobacteria maternally inherited endosymbiont of insects and nematodes. These bacteria are associated with a number of different reproductive phenotypes of their hosts. Relatively few studies have dealt with distribution of infections across populations and with the influence of these bacteria on host genetic diversification and speciation.

The secondary contact zone of phylogenetic lineages of the Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae): an example of incomplete allopatric speciation.

Previous studies on the phylogeography of the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) suggest the existence of a contact zone of its main phylogenetic lineages along mountain chains in Europe and western Asia. This study presents a detailed examination of the population genetics of P.

A comparative study of genome organization and inferences for the systematics of two large bushcricket genera of the tribe Barbitistini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae).

Background: Poecilimon and Isophya are the largest genera of the tribe Barbitistini and among the most systematically complicated and evolutionarily intriguing groups of Palearctic tettigoniids. We examined the genomic organization of 79 taxa with a stable chromosome number using classical (C-banding, silver and fluorochrome staining) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n telomeric probes) cytogenetic techniques. These tools were employed to establish genetic organization and differences or similarities between genera or species within the same genus and determine if cytogenetic markers can be used for identifying some taxonomic groups of species.

Variation in sperm formation patterns in jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea): a light microscopic study.

The patterns of sperm formation in sternorrhynchous jumping plant-lice are reviewed. To date information is available for 143 species belonging to 54 genera, 17 subfamilies and seven of the eight psylloid families (only Phacopteronidae is not represented). For the majority of the taxa (116 species, 39 genera, 10 subfamilies and the families Calophyidae, Carsidaridae and Liviidae) the data presented here is new and is based exclusively on studies using light microscopy.

Cytogenetic analysis of Otiorhynchus bisulcatus (Fabricius, 1781) and O.(Zadrehus) atroapterus (De Geer, 1775) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) using C bands, NORs, and DAPI/CMA3 staining.

The structure of the karyotypes of two Otiorhynchus species belonging to separate subgenera, viz. Otiorhynchus s.str.

Karyotype of the bird blowfly, Protocalliphora falcozi Séguy, 1928 (Diptera, Calliphoridae).

The karyotype structure of Protocalliphora falcozi is described for the first time. The diploid complement comprises 2n = 12, n(male) = 5+XY. Male mitotic plates include four pairs of long (metacentric) and one pair of medium-sized (submetacentric) autosomes.

Mediterranean species of the spittlebug genus Philaenus: modes of chromosome evolution.

The evolution of karyotypes and sex determination system of Philaenus Stål (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) species is studied here in detail. The most plausible scenario of chromosomal rearrangements accompanying phylogenetic differentiation in Philaenus is advanced. It is postulated that the ancestral karyotype of Philaenus was 2n = 24 + X0.

The distribution and population sex ratio of Cacopsylla myrtilli (W. Wagner, 1947) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea).

In Cacopsylla myrtilli (W. Wagner, 1947) bisexual populations, all-female populations and populations heavily biased towards females have been described. In the present paper all the available data on the distribution and population sex ratio of C.

Cytogenetic variability of European tettigoniinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae); karyotypes, C- and Ag-NOR-banding.

Karyotypes, C-banding pattern and localization ofnucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in 34 European species and subspecies belonging to the subfamily Tettigoniinae are described (the karyotypes of 26 species for the first time). In the males chromosome numbers vary from 2n=33 to 2n=23 and Fundamental Numbers (FN) from 36 to 27. The highest number of chromosomes for this group, 2nmale=33 (FN=33), was found in Psorodonotus illyricus macedonicus.

Meiotic karyotypes and structure of testes of nineteen species of jumping-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) from South Africa.

The karyotypes of 19 species of Psylloidea from South Africa belonging to subfamilies Paurocephalinae, Euphyllurinae, Diaphorininae, Euphalerinae, Acizziinae, Ciriacreminae (Psyllidae), Calophyinae (Calophyidae) and Triozinae (Triozidae) were studied for the first time. In 16 species the modal diploid number of chromosomes was found to be 2n=24+X, while 3 species have other chromosome numbers. In Colophorina sp.

Taxonomy of the genus Isophya (Orthoptera, Phaneropteridae, Barbitistinae): comparison of karyological and morphological data.

The genus Isophya represents one of the largest orthopteran genera with about 45 species occurring in Europe. All over its range the genus includes groups of sibling species, the recognition of which is hampered by their morphological similarity. In part, some species were grouped according to their morphology: the Isophya straubei-group, the I.

First evidence of polyploidy in Psylloidea (Homoptera, Sternorrhyncha): a parthenogenetic population of Cacopsylla myrtilli (W. Wagner, 1947) from northeast Finland is apomictic and triploid.

This paper reports results of the first cytogenetic study of parthenogenetic psyllids, carried out on an asexual population of the holarctic species Cacopsylla myrtilli W. Wagner from northeast Finland. Preparations of mature eggs extracted from females revealed 39 univalent chromosomes in prophase and metaphase cells.

Meiotic karyotypes in males of nineteen species of Psylloidea (Hemiptera) in the families Psyllidae and Triozidae.

Meiotic karyotypes in males of 16 species (assigned to 9 genera and 7 subfamilies) ofthe family Psyllidae and 3 species (assigned to 3 genera of the subfamily Triozinae) of the family Triozidae are described for the first time. The first data on the genus Ligustrinia are presented. All the species were shown to exhibit the modal karyotype for psyllids, 2n = 24 + X, except Bactericera nigricornis and Arytainilla spartiophila, in which 2n = 24 + XY and 2n = 22 + X were found, respectively.

Cytogenetic studies of Glomeris (Diplopoda: Glomeridae).

Karyotypes and meiosis of Glomeris hexasticha and G. connexa (Diplopoda: Glomeridae) from Poland were described using C-heterochromatin distribution and observations of the location of NORs. These species were characterized by 2n>=16 and the XY sex determination system.

C-heterochromatin pattern of ten species of tetrigids (Tetrigidae, Orthoptera).

The karyotypes of species belonging to the Tetrigidae is characterised by structural conservatism. The standard chromosome set of T. japonica, T.