Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) mouse proteomes for the validation and description of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

Background: Mass spectrometry (MS)-based cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics is an important method for discovering biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. CSF serves as a reservoir for interstitial fluid (ISF), and extensive communication between the two fluid compartments helps to remove waste products from the brain.

New Method: We performed proteomic analyses of both CSF and ISF fluid compartments using intracerebral microdialysis to validate and detect novel biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in APPtg and C57Bl/6J control mice.

Mechanisms of HIV-mediated blood-brain barrier compromise and leukocyte transmigration under the current antiretroviral era.

HIV-associated neurological compromise is observed in more than half of all people with HIV (PWH), even under antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mechanism has been associated with the early transmigration of HIV-infected monocytes across the BBB in a CCL2 and HIV replication-dependent manner. However, the mechanisms of chronic brain damage are unknown.

Apolar Extracts of St. John's Wort Alleviate the Effects of β-Amyloid Toxicity in Early Alzheimer's Disease.

(St. John's wort) has been described to be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Different extractions have demonstrated efficiency in mice and humans, esp.

ABC Transporter C1 Prevents Dimethyl Fumarate from Targeting Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is a growing health issue with very limited treatment options. To meet the need for novel therapeutics, existing drugs with additional preferred pharmacological profiles could be recruited. This strategy is known as 'drug repurposing'.

Deepening inequalities: What did COVID-19 reveal about the gendered nature of academic work?

This study discusses the gendered nature of the transformation of academic work, which has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected empirical material in spring 2020, at the peak of the pandemic, via 28 interviews with academics in Poland. The results illustrate the far-reaching and lasting impacts of the pandemic on academia that reinforce existing gender inequalities and bring new ones.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1/simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces opening of pannexin-1 channels resulting in neuronal synaptic compromise: A novel therapeutic opportunity to prevent NeuroHIV.

In healthy conditions, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels are in a close state, but in several pathological conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and NeuroHIV, the channel becomes open. However, the mechanism or contribution of Panx-1 channels to the HIV pathogenesis and NeuroHIV is unknown. To determine the contribution of Panx-1 channels to the pathogenesis of NeuroHIV, we used a well-established model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the presence of and absence of a Panx-1 blocker to later examine the synaptic/axonal compromise induced for the virus.

The Glutamate System as a Crucial Regulator of CNS Toxicity and Survival of HIV Reservoirs.

Glutamate (Glu) is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). HIV-1 and viral proteins compromise glutamate synaptic transmission, resulting in poor cell-to-cell signaling and bystander toxicity. In this study, we identified that myeloid HIV-1-brain reservoirs survive in Glu and glutamine (Gln) as a major source of energy.

Circulating levels of ATP is a biomarker of HIV cognitive impairment.

Background: In developed countries, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection has become a chronic disease despite the positive effects of anti-retroviral therapies (ART), but still at least half of the HIV infected population shown signs of cognitive impairment. Therefore, biomarkers of HIV cognitive decline are urgently needed.

Methods: We analyze the opening of one of the larger channels expressed by humans, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels, in the uninfected and HIV infected population (n = 175).

Gap junctions coordinate the propagation of glycogenolysis induced by norepinephrine in the pineal gland.

Chemical and electrical synapses are the two major communication systems that permit cell-to-cell communication within the nervous system. Although most studies are focused on chemical synapses (glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and other neurotransmitters), clearly both types of synapses interact and cooperate to allow the coordination of several cell functions within the nervous system. The pineal gland has limited independent axonal innervation and not every cell has access to nerve terminals.

Effects of exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence on brain neurotransmission and neurotoxicity in adult rats.

Purpose: Tryptamine hallucinogen 5-methoxy--diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a serotonin transporter inhibitor with high affinity for serotonin 5-HT and 5-HT receptors. We showed previously that 5-MeO-DIPT in a single dose increased neurotransmitter release in brain regions of rats and elicited single- and double-strand DNA breaks. Herein we investigated the effects of repeated-intermittent 5-MeO-DIPT administration in adolescence on dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and glutamate release in brain regions of adult rats.

The effect of repeated-intermittent exposure to 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) during adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats.

Background: According to the European Drug Report, the use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) is constantly growing. NPS are widely abused by human adolescent subjects. 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is one of the most frequently used hallucinogenic NPS.

Neurochemical and Neurotoxic Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Caffeine After Chronic Combined Administration in Mice.

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a psychostimulant popular as a recreational drug because of its effect on mood and social interactions. MDMA acts at dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) and serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) and is known to induce damage of dopamine and serotonin neurons. MDMA is often ingested with caffeine.

The effect of caffeine on MDMA-induced hydroxyl radical production in the mouse striatum.

Background: The psychostimulant 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with a strong addictive potential is widely used as a recreational drug. Neurotoxicity of MDMA is related with the generation of highly reactive free radicals.

Methods: MDMA was given in doses of 20 and 40mg/kg ip alone or in combination with caffeine (CAF) 10mg/kg ip.