The Case of Dolutegravir Plus Darunavir Antiretroviral Regimens: Is It Always Useful to Double the Drug Doses? A Short Communication.

Background: Antiretroviral drug combinations affect dolutegravir trough concentrations. Here, the authors focused on dolutegravir plus booster darunavir antiretroviral regimens to investigate the effect of the booster and/or timing of drug administration on dolutegravir and darunavir plasma trough concentrations.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included consecutive people with HIV (PWH) receiving dolutegravir plus booster darunavir antiretroviral regimens for at least 3 months, with at least one assessment of dolutegravir and darunavir plasma trough concentrations.

Mismanagement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Pre Hospitalisation during the Omicron Era: Antibiotics and Steroids Instead of Early Antivirals.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of inappropriate treatment among hospitalised patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection before hospital admission during the Omicron era. This single-centre, retrospective observational study included all the patients hospitalised because of SARS-CoV-2 infection during three periods characterised by the Italian prevalence of an Omicron variant of concern: (1) January-May 2022 (BA.1-BA.

Impact of a Bundle of Interventions on Quality-of-Care Indicators for Bacteraemia: A Single-Centre, Quasi-Experimental, Before-After Study.

bacteraemia (SAB) is a life-threatening bloodstream infection. Improved adherence to quality-of-care indicators (QCIs) can significantly enhance patient outcomes. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the impact of a bundle of interventions on QCI adherence in adult patients with SAB.

How to manage adult patients with malaria in the non-endemic setting.

Background: The diagnosis and management of malaria in non-endemic countries presents a continuing challenge. Plasmodium falciparum, which is capable of rapidly inducing severe and life-threatening multiorgan disease, is the species most frequently diagnosed in Europe and North America.

Objectives: To summarise the more relevant diagnostic findings and clinical features of malaria observed in non-endemic settings and to provide an update of the key management decision points using three illustrative clinical scenarios of uncomplicated and severe malaria.

Hospital-Based Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination for Cancer Patients on Active Treatment and Their Family Members during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Single-Center Experience.

In patients with cancer, tumor- and treatment-induced immunosuppression are responsible for a four-fold increase in morbidity and mortality caused by influenza and invasive infections compared to the general population. The main oncology societies strongly recommend vaccination in patients with cancer to prevent these infections. However, vaccine hesitancy is a main concern in this population.

Major Bleeding Events in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Thromboprophylaxis/anticoagulation treatment is often required in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of major bleeding events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This was a retrospective observational study including all COVID-19 hospitalized patients ≥18 years of age at one reference center in northern Italy.

Management of the Drug-Drug Interactions Between Valproic Acid and Dolutegravir-A Case Study.

Objective: Preliminary evidence shows that concomitant administration of valproic acid can reduce the exposure to dolutegravir with limited clinical impacts. Here, we describe a male living with HIV who experienced a drastic reduction in dolutegravir trough concentrations a few weeks after starting valproic acid treatment as identified by therapeutic drug monitoring. Concomitantly, pharmacists recommended a supplementation of magnesium to improve insomnia.

Prognostic Significance of NLR and PLR in COVID-19: A Multi-Cohort Validation Study.

Introduction: Recent studies have highlighted the prognostic value of easily accessible inflammatory markers, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for predicting severe outcomes in patients affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our study validates NLR and PLR cut-off values from a prior cohort at IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (OSM) of Pavia, Italy, across two new cohorts from different hospitals. This aims to enhance the generalizability of these prognostic indicators.

Delayed diagnosis among patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

We aimed to estimate the diagnostic latency of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A monocentric retrospective observational study was conducted including all confirmed cases of VL diagnosed from January 2005 to March 2022. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with VL were collected.

Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Unit during Four Consecutive SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Waves.

Critically ill COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs). We performed a retrospective observational single-center study on COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) to assess the incidence of BSIs in four consecutive periods: 21 February-31 July 2020 (W1), 1 August 2020-31 January 2021 (W2), 1 February-30 September 2021 (W3) and 1 October 2021 and 30 April 2022 (W4). BSIs that occurred 48 h after ICU admission were included.

Chagas disease prevalence among migrants from El Salvador in Milan: a cross- sectional study of an often-overlooked population.

Background: Chagas disease (CD) is considered to be highly endemic in El Salvador, where its prevalence is estimated to be 1.3-3.7%.

Milan's forgotten epidemic of summer 1629, a few months before the last great plague: An investigation into the possible cause.

An epidemic not attributable to plague caused thousands of deaths in Milan in the summer of 1629, a time of war and famine that immediately preceded the even more fatal Great Plague of 1630 that killed an estimated ten of thousands of people. The 5,993 deaths of 1629 recorded in the Liber Mortuorum of Milan (a city with an estimated population of 130,000 inhabitants at the time) were 45.7% more than the average number recorded between 1601 and 1628.

SARS-CoV-2 viremia and COVID-19 mortality: A prospective observational study.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 viremia has been found to be a potential prognostic factor in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Objective: We aimed to assess the association between SARS-CoV-2 viremia and mortality in COVID-19 hospitalized patients during different epidemic periods.

Methods: A prospective COVID-19 registry was queried to extract all COVID-19 patients with an available SARS-CoV-2 viremia performed at hospital admission between March 2020 and January 2022.

Evaluation of residual humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) 9 months after BNT162b2 primary vaccination.

The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has shown to be temporary, although may be more prolonged in vaccinated individuals with a history of natural infection. We aimed to study the residual humoral response and the correlation between anti-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgG levels and antibody neutralizing capacity in a population of health care workers (HCWs) after 9 months from COVID-19 vaccination. In this cross-sectional study, plasma samples were screened for anti-RBD IgG using a quantitative method.

Family cluster of Chagas disease among Bolivian immigrants in Italy: High rate of maternal-fetal transmission.

Background: Chagas disease (CD) or American trypanosomiasis is a neglected anthropozoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi that affects 6-8 million people worldwide (mainly in Latin America), 30-40% of whom develop cardiac or digestive complications. Once confined to endemic areas of Latin America, CD has more recently become a global disease as a result of migration flows from endemic to non-endemic regions, particularly in northern America and Europe. Congenital transmission is a particular challenge as it may be sustained for multiple generations and perpetuate the infection even in non-endemic countries.

Risk factors associated with bacteremia in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit: a retrospective multicenter cohort study.

Purpose: This multicenter observational study was done to evaluate risk factors related to the development of BSI in patients admitted to ICU for COVID-19.

Methods: All patients with COVID-19 admitted in two COVID-19 dedicated ICUs in two different hospital between 02-2020 and 02-2021 were recruited.

Result: 537 patients were included of whom 265 (49.