Endophytic non-pathogenic reorganizes the cell wall in flax seedlings.

Introduction: Flax () is a crop producing valuable products like seeds and fiber. However, its cultivation faces challenges from environmental stress factors and significant yield losses due to fungal infections. The major threat is f.

Overexpression of Bacterial Beta-Ketothiolase Improves Flax ( L.) Retting and Changes the Fibre Properties.

Beta-ketothiolases are involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and the metabolism of hormones, benzenoids, and hydroxybutyrate. The expression of bacterial beta-ketothiolase in flax ( L.) results in an increase in endogenous beta-ketothiolase mRNA levels and beta-hydroxybutyrate content.

Abscisic Acid-Defensive Player in Flax Response to Infection.

is a ubiquitous soil pathogen with a wide host range. In flax (), it causes foot and root rot and accumulation of mycotoxins in flax products. Fungal infections lead to huge losses in the flax industry.

Celastrol and Resveratrol Modulate Genes Expression and Exert Anticancer Activity in Colon Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem-like Cells.

Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a hard-to-cure neoplasm worldwide. Its curability declines with successive lines of treatment due to the development of various cancer resistance mechanisms and the presence of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs). Celastrol and resveratrol are very promising phytochemicals for colon cancer therapy, owing to their pleiotropic activity that enables them to interact with various biological targets.

Influence of the Bioactive Diet Components on the Gene Expression Regulation.

Diet bioactive components, in the concept of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, consist of food constituents, which can transfer information from the external environment and influence gene expression in the cell and thus the function of the whole organism. It is crucial to regard food not only as the source of energy and basic nutriments, crucial for living and organism development, but also as the factor influencing health/disease, biochemical mechanisms, and activation of biochemical pathways. Bioactive components of the diet regulate gene expression through changes in the chromatin structure (including DNA methylation and histone modification), non-coding RNA, activation of transcription factors by signalling cascades, or direct ligand binding to the nuclear receptors.

Transcriptomic profiling of susceptible and resistant flax seedlings after Fusarium oxysporum lini infection.

In this study transcriptome was analyzed on two fibrous varieties of flax: the susceptible Regina and the resistant Nike. The experiment was carried out on 2-week-old seedlings, because in this phase of development flax is the most susceptible to infection. We analyzed the whole seedlings, which allowed us to recognize the systemic response of the plants to the infection.

Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Cold-Pressed Oils-Possible Strategies to Improve Oil Stability.

The relations of the antiradical capacity to oxidative stability parameters and the contents of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols, phenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll, Cu, and Fe were assessed in 33 cold-pressed seed oils: Walnut (7 brands of oils), rosehip (3), camelina (6), milk thistle (5), flax (6), and pumpkin (6). The antiradical capacity of oils depended strongly on tocopherol contents with a synergistic effect with polyphenols. The efficacy of tocopherols in cold-pressed oils was accompanied by a negative correlation of their antioxidant capacity with the peroxide value increase after 3 months of shelf life.

Expression of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene from Rat Leads to Oxidative Stress in Potato Plants.

Catecholamines are biogenic aromatic amines common among both animals and plants. In animals, they are synthesized via tyrosine hydroxylation, while both hydroxylation or decarboxylation of tyrosine are possible in plants, depending on the species, though no tyrosine hydroxylase-a counterpart of the animal enzyme-has been identified yet. It is known that in potato plants, it is the decarboxylation of tyrosine that leads to catecholamine production.

Chemistry, oxidative stability and bioactivity of oil extracted from Rosa rugosa (Thunb.) seeds by supercritical carbon dioxide.

Rosa rugosa Thunb. seed oil (RR) extracted by supercritical CO was investigated. RR chemical composition, radical scavenging effect and oxidative stability were evaluated.

3-Hydroxybutyrate Is Active Compound in Flax That Upregulates Genes Involved in DNA Methylation.

In mammalian cells, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) is not only an intermediate metabolite during the oxidation of fatty acids, but also an important signaling molecule. On the other hand, the information about the metabolism or function of this compound in plants is scarce. In our study, we show for the first time that this compound naturally occurs in flax.

Chemical profiling and cytotoxic activity of 150-year old original sample of Jerusalem Balsam.

Herbal formulations have been used in ethnomedicine and pharmacy around the world for thousands of years. One of them is Jerusalem Balsam (JB), which came into use in the seventeenth century. Today, people still produce and use it regularly as prophylactic supplement.

Fusarium oxysporum infection activates the plastidial branch of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in flax, leading to increased ABA synthesis.

Upregulation of the terpenoid pathway and increased ABA content in flax upon Fusarium infection leads to activation of the early plant's response (PR genes, cell wall remodeling, and redox status). Plants have developed a number of defense strategies against the adverse effects of fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum. One such defense is the production of antioxidant secondary metabolites, which fall into two main groups: the phenylpropanoids and the terpenoids.

DNA Methylation Profile of and Genes in Flax Shows Specificity Towards Strains Differing in Pathogenicity.

Most losses in flax ( L.) crops are caused by fungal infections. The new epigenetic approach to improve plant resistance requires broadening the knowledge about the influence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains on changes in the profile of DNA methylation.

Use of Natural Components Derived from Oil Seed Plants for Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

The incidence of inflammatory skin diseases is increasing, so the search for relevant therapeutics is of major concern. Plants are rich in phytochemicals which can alleviate many symptoms. In this review, we concentrate on compounds found in the seeds of widely cultivated plants, regularly used for oil production.

Impact of fabrics from transgenic flax on cultures of skin cells.

Background: The development of a new type of wound dressing material that can support skin regeneration is an important challenge to improve treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the impact of flax fabrics from transgenic plants overexpressing phenolic acids and flavonoids (W92) and polyhydroxybutyrate (M48), as well as fabric from non-transgenic plant (Nike) on cultures of human skin cells.

Material And Methods: Flax fabric pieces as well as water extracts from the fabrics were co-cultured with human skin cells: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, and with monocytoid cell line (THP1) for 48 h.

Up-regulation of Key Glycolysis Proteins in Cancer Development.

In rapid proliferating cancer cells, there is a need for fast ATP and lactate production, therefore cancer cells turn off oxidative phosphorylation and turn on the so called "Warburg effect". This regulating the expression of genes involved in glycolysis. According to many studies, glucose transporter 1, which supplies glucose to the cell, is the most abundantly expressed transporter in cancer cells.

Profile of Polyphenolic and Essential Oil Composition of Polish Propolis, Black Poplar and Aspens Buds.

In this work, we studied similarities and differences between 70% ethanol in water extract (70EE) and essential oils (EOs) obtained from propolis, black poplars ( L.) and aspens ( L.) to ascertain which of these is a better indicator of the plant species used by bees to collect propolis precursors.

FLAX OIL FROM TRANSGENIC LINUM USITATISSIMUM SELECTIVELY INHIBITS IN VITRO PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES.

Emulsions made of oils from transgenic flaxseeds significantly decreased in vitro proliferation of six tested human cancer cell lines in 48-h cultures, as assessed with the standard sulforhodamine assay. However, the emulsions also increased proliferation rate of normal human dermal fibroblasts and, to a lower extend, of keratinocytes. Both inhibition of in vitro proliferation of human cancer cell lines and stimulation of proliferation of normal dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were especially strong with the emulsion type B and with emulsion type M.

IMPACT OF FABRICS FROM TRANSGENIC FLAX PLANT ON HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO PROLIFERATION.

Previously it was documented that transgenic flax plants, which contained an increased level of polyphenolic compounds, significantly improved healing of skin wounds lesions. In order to recognize mechanisms of beneficial action of transgenic flax fabrics on wound healing, in the present study the impact of flax fabric pieces/cuts from three types of transgenic flax on normal human dermal fibroblasts primary culture (NHDF) was investigated. NHDF cell cultures were exposed for 48 h to specific area of flax fabric cuts, made from M50, B 14 and M50+B14 (intertwined fibers of M and B), or parallely, extracts from fibers of the tested flax materials to cell culture medium.

Expression of heterologous lycopene β-cyclase gene in flax can cause silencing of its endogenous counterpart by changes in gene-body methylation and in ABA homeostasis mechanism.

Previously we described flax plants with expression of Arabidopsis lycopene β-cyclase (lcb) gene in which decreased expression of the endogenous lcb and increased resistance to fungal pathogen was observed. We suggested that co-suppression was responsible for the change. In this study we investigated the molecular basis of the observed effect in detail.

Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Flax Shives and Their Effect on Human Fibroblasts.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the most effective technique for extraction of phenolics present in flax shives and to assess their effect on human fibroblasts. Flax shives are by-products of fibre separation, but they were found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds and thus might have application potential. It was found that the optimal procedure for extraction of phenolics was hydrolysis enhanced by the ultrasound with NaOH for 24 h at 65°C and subsequent extraction with ethyl acetate.

The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family in flax: Differentiation during plant growth and under stress conditions.

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which catalyzes the reduction of cinnamaldehydes to their alcohol derivatives, is represented by a large family of proteins. The aim of the study was to identify the CAD isoforms in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) - LuCADs - and to determine their specificity to enhance knowledge of the mechanisms controlling cell wall lignification in flax under environmental stresses.

V79 Fibroblasts Are Protected Against Reactive Oxygen Species by Flax Fabric.

Chinese hamster pulmonary fibroblasts (V79 cells) pre-treated with flax fabrics derived from non-modified or genetically engineered flax fibres and treated with HO revealed a markedly lower level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control, non-pre-treated cells. The fabrics were prepared from fibres derived from two kinds of transgenic plants: W92 plants, which overproduce flavonoids, and M type plants, which produce hydroxybutyrate polymer in their vascular bundles and thus in fibres. Incubating the V79 cells with the flax fabrics prior to HO treatment also reduced the amount of DNA damage, as established using the comet assay (also known as alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis) and pulsed-field electrophoresis of intact cellular DNA.

Therapeutic Strategies of Plant-derived Compounds for Diabetes Via Regulation of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1.

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a member of the CC chemokine family that plays a key role in the inflammatory process. It has been broadly studied in the aspect of its role in obesity and diabetes related diseases. MCP-1 causes the infiltration of macrophages into obese adipose tissue via binding to the CCR2 receptor and is involved in the development of insulin resistance.

Methyl Salicylate Level Increase in Flax after Infection Is Associated with Phenylpropanoid Pathway Activation.

Flax () is a crop plant valued for its oil and fiber. Unfortunately, large losses in cultivation of this plant are caused by fungal infections, with being one of its most dangerous pathogens. Among the plant's defense strategies, changes in the expression of genes of the shikimate/phenylpropanoid/benzoate pathway and thus in phenolic contents occur.