Structural variation and parallel evolution of apomixis in citrus during domestication and diversification.

Apomixis, or asexual seed formation, is prevalent in via a mechanism termed nucellar or adventitious embryony. Here, multiple embryos of a maternal genotype form directly from nucellar cells in the ovule and can outcompete the developing zygotic embryo as they utilize the sexually derived endosperm for growth. Whilst nucellar embryony enables the propagation of clonal plants of maternal genetic constitution, it is also a barrier to effective breeding through hybridization.

Regulation of nucellar embryony, a mode of sporophytic apomixis in Citrus resembling somatic embryogenesis.

Apomixis, is an asexual mode of seed formation resulting in genetically identical or clonal seed with a maternal genotype. Apomixis has not been reported in seed crops where its flexible application in plant breeding could accelerate delivery of new varieties. By contrast, a sporophytic form of apomixis termed nucellar or adventitious embryony is common in the Rutaceae containing Citrus crop species.

Unequal contribution of two paralogous CENH3 variants in cowpea centromere function.

In most diploids the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3), the assembly site of active centromeres, is encoded by a single copy gene. Persistance of two CENH3 paralogs in diploids species raises the possibility of subfunctionalization. Here we analysed both CENH3 genes of the  diploid dryland crop cowpea.

Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of an Endogenous Gene in T1 Progeny of Apomictic Enables New Strategies for Apomixis Gene Identification.

Most subgenus species are self-incompatible. Some undergo facultative apomixis where most seeds form asexually with a maternal genotype. Most embryo sacs develop by mitosis, without meiosis and seeds form without fertilization.

A detached leaf assay for testing transient gene expression and gene editing in cowpea ( [L.] Walp.).

Background: The legume cowpea ( L.) is extensively grown in sub-Saharan Africa. Cowpea, like many legumes has proved recalcitrant to plant transformation.

Phenotypic plasticity of aposporous embryo sac development in .

Apomixis in follows a developmental pathway of apospory, where an unreduced embryo sac develops from a somatic ovule cell without meiosis. The avoidance of meiosis together with fertilization-independent seed formation leads to clonal progeny genetically identical to the maternal plant. We have previously described the initial developmental steps of aposporous embryo sac formation in and here, we cytologically observed more than 500 ovules with a focus on the later stages of embryo sac maturation.

Assembled genomic and tissue-specific transcriptomic data resources for two genetically distinct lines of Cowpea ( (L.) Walp).

Cowpea ( (L.) Walp) is an important legume crop for food security in areas of low-input and smallholder farming throughout Africa and Asia. Genetic improvements are required to increase yield and resilience to biotic and abiotic stress and to enhance cowpea crop performance.

Asexual Female Gametogenesis Involves Contact with a Sexually-Fated Megaspore in Apomictic .

Apomixis results in asexual seed formation where progeny are identical to the maternal plant. In ovules of apomictic species of the subgenus , meiosis of the megaspore mother cell generates four megaspores. Aposporous initial (AI) cells form during meiosis in most ovules.

A Genetic Screen for Impaired Systemic RNAi Highlights the Crucial Role of DICER-LIKE 2.

Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of transgenes involves abundant 21-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and low-abundance 22-nucleotide siRNAs produced from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by DCL4 and DCL2, respectively. However, DCL2 facilitates the recruitment of RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) to ARGONAUTE 1-derived cleavage products, resulting in more efficient amplification of secondary and transitive dsRNA and siRNAs. Here, we describe a reporter system where RDR6-dependent PTGS is initiated by restricted expression of an inverted-repeat dsRNA specifically in the Arabidopsis () root tip, allowing a genetic screen to identify mutants impaired in RDR6-dependent systemic PTGS.

Genetic analyses of the inheritance and expressivity of autonomous endosperm formation in Hieracium with different modes of embryo sac and seed formation.

Background And Aims: Apomixis, or asexual seed formation, in polyploid Hieracium subgenus Pilosella species results in clonal progeny with a maternal genotype. An aposporous embryo sac forms mitotically from a somatic cell, without prior meiosis, while embryo and endosperm formation is fertilization independent (autonomous). The latter two developmental components are tightly linked in Hieracium .

Generation of an integrated Hieracium genomic and transcriptomic resource enables exploration of small RNA pathways during apomixis initiation.

Background: Application of apomixis, or asexual seed formation, in crop breeding would allow rapid fixation of complex traits, economizing improved crop delivery. Identification of apomixis genes is confounded by the polyploid nature, high genome complexity and lack of genomic sequence integration with reproductive tissue transcriptomes in most apomicts.

Results: A genomic and transcriptomic resource was developed for Hieracium subgenus Pilosella (Asteraceae) which incorporates characterized sexual, apomictic and mutant apomict plants exhibiting reversion to sexual reproduction.

Seeds of doubt: Mendel's choice of Hieracium to study inheritance, a case of right plant, wrong trait.

In this review, we explore Gregor Mendel's hybridization experiments with Hieracium , update current knowledge on apomictic reproduction and describe approaches now being used to develop true-breeding hybrid crops. From our perspective, it is easy to conclude that Gregor Mendel's work on pea was insightful, but his peers clearly did not regard it as being either very convincing or of much importance. One apparent criticism was that his findings only applied to pea.

Mechanisms of endosperm initiation.

Overview of developmental events and signalling during central cell maturation and early endosperm development with a focus on mechanisms of sexual and autonomous endosperm initiation. Endosperm is important for seed viability and global food supply. The mechanisms regulating the developmental transition between Female Gametophyte (FG) maturation and early endosperm development in angiosperms are difficult to study as they occur buried deep within the ovule.

New observations on gametogenic development and reproductive experimental tools to support seed yield improvement in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp].

Cowpea reproductive tools. Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.

A Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Asexual Embryogenesis.

In plants, embryogenesis generally occurs through the sexual process of double fertilization, which involves a haploid sperm cell fusing with a haploid egg cell to ultimately give rise to a diploid embryo. Embryogenesis can also occur asexually in the absence of fertilization, both in vitro and in vivo. Somatic or gametic cells are able to differentiate into embryos in vitro following the application of plant growth regulators or stress treatments.

Developmentally regulated HEART STOPPER, a mitochondrially targeted L18 ribosomal protein gene, is required for cell division, differentiation, and seed development in Arabidopsis.

Evidence is presented for the role of a mitochondrial ribosomal (mitoribosomal) L18 protein in cell division, differentiation, and seed development after the characterization of a recessive mutant, heart stopper (hes). The hes mutant produced uncellularized endosperm and embryos arrested at the late globular stage. The mutant embryos differentiated partially on rescue medium with some forming callus.

A reference genetic linkage map of apomictic Hieracium species based on expressed markers derived from developing ovule transcripts.

Background And Aims: Apomixis in plants generates clonal progeny with a maternal genotype through asexual seed formation. Hieracium subgenus Pilosella (Asteraceae) contains polyploid, highly heterozygous apomictic and sexual species. Within apomictic Hieracium, dominant genetic loci independently regulate the qualitative developmental components of apomixis.

Expression patterns and protein structure of a lipid transfer protein END1 from Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis END1-LIKE (AtEND1) was identified as a homolog of the barley endosperm-specific gene END1 and provides a model for the study of this class of genes and their products. The END1 is expressed in the endosperm transfer cells (ETC) of grasses. The ETC are responsible for transfer of nutrients from maternal tissues to the developing endosperm.

The genetic control of apomixis: asexual seed formation.

Apomixis (asexual seed formation) is the result of a plant gaining the ability to bypass the most fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction: meiosis and fertilization. Without the need for male fertilization, the resulting seed germinates a plant that develops as a maternal clone. This dramatic shift in reproductive process has been documented in many flowering plant species, although no major seed crops have been shown to be capable of apomixis.

Imprinting in rice: the role of DNA and histone methylation in modulating parent-of-origin specific expression and determining transcript start sites.

Over 200 imprinted genes in rice endosperm are known, but the mechanisms modulating their parental allele-specific expression are poorly understood. Here we use three imprinted genes, OsYUCCA11, yellow2-like and ubiquitin hydrolase, to show that differential DNA methylation and tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3 ) in the promoter and/or gene body influences allele-specific expression or the site of transcript initiation. Paternal expression of OsYUCCA11 required DNA methylation in the gene body whereas the gene body of the silenced maternal allele was hypomethylated and marked with H3K27me3 .

Traffic monitors at the cell periphery: the role of cell walls during early female reproductive cell differentiation in plants.

The formation of female gametes in plants occurs within the ovule, a floral organ that is also the precursor of the seed. Unlike animals, plants lack a typical germline separated from the soma early in development and rely on positional signals, including phytohormones, mobile mRNAs and sRNAs, to direct diploid somatic precursor cells onto a reproductive program. In addition, signals moving between plant cells must overcome the architectural limitations of a cell wall which surrounds the plasma membrane.

Enlarging cells initiating apomixis in Hieracium praealtum transition to an embryo sac program prior to entering mitosis.

Hieracium praealtum forms seeds asexually by apomixis. During ovule development, sexual reproduction initiates with megaspore mother cell entry into meiosis and formation of a tetrad of haploid megaspores. The sexual pathway ceases when a diploid aposporous initial (AI) cell differentiates, enlarges, and undergoes mitosis, forming an aposporous embryo sac that displaces sexual structures.