Comparable Skeletal and Dental Movements Achieved Using Conventional and Surgery-First Techniques in Class III Patients.

Purpose: The surgery-first (SF) approach to orthognathic surgery has been proposed as a more efficient method to correct the dentofacial deformity. This study aimed to evaluate if the magnitude of skeletal and dental changes achieved in Class III patients treated with either conventional orthognathic surgery (COS) or SF techniques differ.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of Class III orthognathic surgery patients between January 2006 and May 2020 with available pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms was conducted at an academic institution.

Antidepressants may mitigate the effects of prenatal maternal anxiety on infant auditory sensory gating.

Objective: Prenatal maternal anxiety has detrimental effects on the offspring's neurocognitive development, including impaired attentional function. Antidepressants are commonly used during pregnancy, yet their impact on offspring attention and their interaction with maternal anxiety has not been assessed. The authors used P50 auditory sensory gating, a putative marker of early attentional processes measurable in young infants, to assess the impact of maternal anxiety and antidepressant use.

The occurrence of preterm delivery is linked to pregnancy-specific distress and elevated inflammatory markers across gestation.

There is mounting evidence that stress during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on gestation and birth. Existing studies indicate that prenatal stress may increase levels of circulating inflammatory markers that are associated with prematurity and pregnancy complications, suggesting that stress-related changes in the cytokine milieu may increase the risk of poor pregnancy outcome. Previous studies, however, have not clearly connected stress during pregnancy to changes in inflammatory mediators and, in turn, to clinically-relevant outcomes such as premature delivery.

Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 in lateral septum negatively regulates maternal defense.

Maternal defense (also known as maternal aggression) is impaired by corticotropin-releasing factor-(CRF) related peptides, but where these peptides inhibit defense is unknown. Lateral septum (LS) gates reactivity to stressors, contains receptors to CRF-related peptides, and during lactation shows a decreased response to CRF, suggesting LS is a key site for regulating maternal aggression. In this study, the authors examined the effects of CRF-related peptides in LS on maternal defense.

Maternal profiling of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 deficient mice in association with restraint stress.

Mice deficient in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2) (C57BL/6J:129Sv background) exhibit impaired maternal defense (protection of offspring) and are more reactive to stressors than wild-type mice. To further understand CRF2's role in maternal behavior, we crossed the knockout mice with a line bred for high maternal defense that also has elevated maternal care relative to inbred lines. Maternal care was normal in knockout mice (relative to wild-type).

Altered dopamine signaling in naturally occurring maternal neglect.

Background: Child neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment, yet the biological basis of maternal neglect is poorly understood and a rodent model is lacking.

Methodology/principal Findings: The current study characterizes a population of mice (MaD1) which naturally exhibit maternal neglect (little or no care of offspring) at an average rate of 17% per generation. We identified a set of risk factors that can predict future neglect of offspring, including decreased self-grooming and elevated activity.

Urocortin 1 and 3 impair maternal defense behavior in mice.

Lactating female mice fiercely defend offspring while exhibiting decreased fear and anxiety. Recent work (J. S.

Elevated stress sensitivity in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 deficient mice decreases maternal, but not intermale aggression.

Maternal aggression is a form of aggression towards intruders by lactating females that is critical for defense of offspring. During lactation, fear and anxiety are reduced, the CNS is less responsive to the anxiogenic neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and central injections of CRF inhibit maternal aggression. Together, these previous findings suggest that decreased CRF neurotransmission during lactation supports normal maternal aggression expression.