Evaluation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cell Distribution in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Background The tumor microenvironment comprises stromal cells, a few immune cells, vascular channels, and an extracellular matrix. The immune cells play a pivotal role in arresting the development of various tumors by identifying and killing the abnormal tumor cells. These immune cells with cytotoxic function include the natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes.

Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in functional neurological disorder: influence of psychiatric comorbidities and biological sex.

Background: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common and disabling neuropsychiatric condition, which disproportionally affects women compared with men. While the etiopathogenesis of this disorder remains elusive, immune dysregulation is emerging as one potential mechanism. To begin to understand the role of immune dysfunctions in FND, we assessed the prevalence of several common autoimmune diseases (ADs) in a large cohort of patients with FND and examined the influence of psychiatric comorbidities and biological sex.

Significance of tumour budding and invasive characteristics in grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Tumour budding has been recognized as a morphologic marker of tumour invasion. Invasive characteristics such as depth of invasion, mode of invasion and worst pattern of invasion are potentially powerful parameters predicting the regional metastasis.

Aim: This study was done to understand the significance of tumour budding and various characteristics of invasion and their impact on grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Correlation of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study.

The programmed cell death protein (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand (PD-L1) pathway and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen are the most important co-stimulatory molecules that play a key role in the negative regulation of T cells during carcinogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma compared with normal oral mucosa. Twenty-five cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia and normal oral mucosa tissue specimens were immunohistochemically stained to assess PD-1 and PD-L1 expression.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs may generate tumors through the processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. CSCs present in tumors are normally resistant to conventional therapy and may contribute to tumor recurrence.

Behavioral Capital Theory via Canonical Quantization.

We show how a behavioral form of capital theory can be derived using canonical quantization. In particular, we introduce quantum cognition into capital theory by applying Dirac's canonical quantization approach to Weitzman's Hamiltonian formulation of capital theory, the justification for the use of quantum cognition being the incompatibility of questions encountered in the investment decision-making process. We illustrate the utility of this approach by deriving the capital-investment commutator for a canonical dynamic investment problem.

State-of-the-Art Review on Wearable Obstacle Detection Systems Developed for Assistive Technologies and Footwear.

Walking independently is essential to maintaining our quality of life but safe locomotion depends on perceiving hazards in the everyday environment. To address this problem, there is an increasing focus on developing assistive technologies that can alert the user to the risk destabilizing foot contact with either the ground or obstacles, leading to a fall. Shoe-mounted sensor systems designed to monitor foot-obstacle interaction are being employed to identify tripping risk and provide corrective feedback.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of galectin-3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia and normal mucosa.

Background: Galectin 3 (Gal-3) has diverse functions critical in cancer biology including cell proliferation, apoptosis, evasion of immune responses and angiogenesis. The expression of Gal-3 is heterogeneous in normal and neoplastic tissues. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL), both increased and decreased expressions of Gal-3 were elicited in numerous studies.

Chondrosarcoma of the maxilla in a young female: A case report.

Sarcomas of the head and neck region are rare tumors, constituting less than 1% of malignant neoplasms in this area. Approximately 20% of these sarcomas originate from bone or cartilage. Chondrosarcomas are malignant mesenchymal tumors showing cartilaginous differentiation.

Infections following rejection therapies in kidney and liver transplant recipients.

Introduction: Infections are known complications of solid-organ transplant. Treatment for rejection may increase risk of infection. We aimed to study frequency of infection and identify the risk factors for infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) (liver and kidney) recipients treated for rejection.

Application of Wearable Sensors in Actuation and Control of Powered Ankle Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review.

Powered ankle exoskeletons (PAEs) are robotic devices developed for gait assistance, rehabilitation, and augmentation. To fulfil their purposes, PAEs vastly rely heavily on their sensor systems. Human-machine interface sensors collect the biomechanical signals from the human user to inform the higher level of the control hierarchy about the user's locomotion intention and requirement, whereas machine-machine interface sensors monitor the output of the actuation unit to ensure precise tracking of the high-level control commands via the low-level control scheme.

Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Allows for Trainee Involvement and Teaching Without Lengthening Operative Time.

Background: Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) is more accurate than mechanical total knee arthroplasty (M-TKA) and can provide real-time feedback about alignment and soft-tissue balancing that may be helpful in trainee education. However, both robotic-assist and trainee involvement potentially increase the surgical time. This study sought to evaluate whether RA-TKA procedures were longer than M-TKA procedures and whether trainee participation added additional surgical time.

No association of natural killer cell number and function in peripheral blood with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome in a cohort of young women.

Aim: To reexamine the associations of NK cell number and function in the peripheral blood with overweight/obesity and the metabolic syndrome in a large, well-phenotyped human cohort.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 273 women in the PPSDiab Study; measurement of absolute and relative number of NK cells in peripheral blood, and of functional parameters CD69 positivity and cytotoxicity against K562 cells; group comparison of NK cell characteristics between lean, overweight, and obese participants, as well as metabolic syndrome scores of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3; Spearman correlation analyses to clinical parameters related to the metabolic syndrome.

Results: We found no differences in NK cell number and function between lean, overweight, and obese women (relative NK cell number (median (Q1-Q3), [%]) 5.

Expression of transmembrane protein aquaporin-3 in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression in patient samples of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), thereby assessing the potential of AQP3 as a molecular marker for tumor progression.

Study Design: An in vitro comparative study was done to determine the AQP3 expression on 20 surgical biopsy specimens each of OED and OSCC using immunohistochemistry. Twenty specimens of normal oral mucosa were kept as controls.

Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral malignant lesions: A population-based study in a municipal town of southern Kerala.

Oral cancer burden poses a major challenge in India. Oral cancer in the majority of instances arises from preexisting oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Early detection of OPMD and elimination of primary risk factors such as smokeless and smoking tobacco help in reduction of oral cancer.

An extensive swelling in the anterior mandible - A case report.

Introduction: Glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare developmental odontogenic cyst, which often pose a challenge to diagnose it clinically.

Presentation Of A Case: A 32 year old female patient was referred to the oral and maxillofacial surgery department with a chief complaint of a painless swelling in the anterior mandible, extending from mandibular left premolar to right first molar region, with fluctuancy and egg shell crackling at right premolar region. The associated teeth were firm.

Extranodal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Oral Cavity: A Case Report.

Lymphomas are solid malignant tumors having a wide spectrum of clinical and pathological features. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a subtype of lymphoma with two-thirds of the cases presenting as lymph node enlargement. The remaining one third of NHL cases has been reported in the extranodal sites, including the gastro intestinal tract, Waldeyer's ring, bone, skin, and brain.

A Detailed Characterization of the Dysfunctional Immunity and Abnormal Myelopoiesis Induced by Severe Shock and Trauma in the Aged.

The elderly are particularly susceptible to trauma, and their outcomes are frequently dismal. Such patients often have complicated clinical courses and ultimately die of infection and sepsis. Recent research has revealed that although elderly subjects have increased baseline inflammation as compared with their younger counterparts, the elderly do not respond to severe infection or injury with an exaggerated inflammatory response.

Uncommon opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity: A review.

The majority of opportunistic oral mucosal fungal infections are due to Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus species. Mucor and Cryptococcus also have a major role in causing oral infections, whereas Geotrichum, Fusarium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces and Penicillium marneffei are uncommon pathogens in the oral cavity. The broad spectrum of clinical presentation includes pseudo-membranes, abscesses, ulcers, pustules and extensive tissue necrosis involving bone.

Clear cell myoepithelioma of palate with emphasis on clinical and histological differential diagnosis.

Myoepitheliomas account for less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors and mostly occur in the parotid gland and palate. A 58-year old male patient reported to the Outpatient Department of PMS College of Dental Science and Research (Kerala, India) with a slow growing painless swelling on the palate for 4 years. Pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, myoepithelioma, cyst adenoma, lipoma, neurofibroma, neurilemmoma and leiomyoma were considered.

Host responses to sepsis vary in different low-lethality murine models.

Introduction: Animal models for the study of sepsis are being increasingly scrutinized, despite their essential role for early translational research. In particular, recent studies have suggested that at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome, murine models of burns, trauma and endotoxemia markedly differ from their human equivalents, and are only weakly similar amongst themselves. We compared the plasma cytokine and leukocyte transcriptome responses between two different low-lethality murine models of polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis.

Protective immunity and defects in the neonatal and elderly immune response to sepsis.

Populations encompassing extremes of age, including neonates and elderly, have greater mortality from sepsis. We propose that the increased mortality observed in the neonatal and elderly populations after sepsis is due to fundamental differences in host-protective immunity and is manifested at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome. Neonatal (5-7 d), young adult (6-12 wk), or elderly (20-24 mo) mice underwent a cecal slurry model of intra-abdominal sepsis.