Utility of Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Enhance Outcome Prediction in Critically Ill Children with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Many children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during hospitalization. There are insufficient data on how different patterns of injury on early MRI inform outcomes.

Methods: Children (3-17 years) admitted in 2010-2021 for severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score < 9) were identified using our site's trauma registry.

Epidemiology, causes, and morbidities of stroke in the young.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose is to describe the latest research on epidemiology, causes, and morbidities of stroke in neonates and children.

Recent Findings: The global incidence of childhood stroke is approximately 2 per 100 000 person-years, which is significantly lower compared to neonates (20-40 per 100 000 live births) and adults (80-90 per 100 000 person-years). Placental abnormalities are a risk factor for perinatal stroke, although cause is usually multifactorial.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neurologic Manifestations in Hospitalized Children Diagnosed with Acute SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C.

Background: Our objective was to characterize the frequency, early impact, and risk factors for neurological manifestations in hospitalized children with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional study of neurological manifestations in children aged <18 years hospitalized with positive SARS-CoV-2 test or clinical diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2-related condition between January 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for neurological manifestations was performed.

An Approach to Modify 14-Membered Lactone Macrolide Antibiotic Scaffolds.

A ketolide derivative with (12)-configuration was obtained via a novel ketene acetal in acidic conditions. The structure of this atypical β-keto ketene acetal intermediate within the macrocyclic system has been determined by NMR and X-ray methods. The use of basic conditions at an elevated temperature yielded new, doubly α,β-unsaturated ketone macrolide derivatives with (4)-configuration as two conformational isomers of folded-in or folded-out conformations.

Diffuse Axonal Injury Grade on Early MRI is Associated with Worse Outcome in Children with Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children, but effective tools for predicting outcome remain elusive. Although many pediatric patients receive early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), data on its utility in prognostication are lacking. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a hallmark of TBI detected on early MRI and was shown previously to improve prognostication in adult patients with TBI.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New N-Alkylammonium and Carbonate-Triazole Derivatives within Desosamine of 14- and 15-Membered Lactone Macrolides.

Desosamines of azithromycin (AZM) and clarithromycin (CLA) were modified by N-alkylation or nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl/CuAAC sequence. Biological studies revealed a higher antibacterial potency of quaternary N-alkylammonium bromides of CLA as compared to AZM. SAR studies of CLA salts, including biological, conformation and molecular-docking analysis, enriched by physicochemical parameters, showed the importance of less bulky and unsaturated substituent for an efficient docking mode at the ribosomal tunnel and good antibacterial potency against clinical and standard Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes strains (MICs 0.

14- and 15-membered lactone macrolides and their analogues and hybrids: structure, molecular mechanism of action and biological activity.

Classical macrolides containing 14- or 15-membered aglycone lactone rings are basic and widely used antibacterial agents in clinical therapy. Macrolides exert antibacterial effects by blocking the exit peptide tunnel during translation at bacterial ribosomes. However, one macrolide occasionally manifests different docking modes or binding sites at ribosomes, which presents difficulties in designing macrolide modifications.

Specific Interactions between Rifamycin Antibiotics and Water Influencing Ability To Overcome Natural Cell Barriers and the Range of Antibacterial Potency.

Rifamycins are a group of macrocyclic antibiotics mainly used for the treatment of various bacterial infections including tuberculosis. Spectroscopic studies of rifamycins evidence the formation of temperature- and solvent-dependent equilibria between A-, B-, and C-type conformers in solutions. The B- and C-type conformers of rifamycin antibiotics are exclusively formed in the presence of water molecules.

Synthesis, docking and antibacterial studies of more potent amine and hydrazone rifamycin congeners than rifampicin.

New rifamycin congeners (1-33) with incorporated amine and hydrazone substituents leading to lipophilic and/or basic nature and altered rigidity of modified C(3) arm were synthesized and structurally characterized in detail. NMR spectroscopic studies at different temperatures indicate two types of structures of rifamycin congeners that are realized in solution: zwitterionic and non-ionic forms in dependence of the basicity of modified C(3) arm. The presence of rifamycin congeners in these two possible forms has a significant impact on the physico-chemical parameters such as lipophilicity (clogP) and water solubility and different binding mode of the C(3) arm of antibiotic at RNAP binding pocket (molecular target) leading to different antibacterial potency.

Comparison of the effect of 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets and drops in children with rhinoconjunctivitis.

Background: One of the most important aspects of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is the regimen of administration.

Aim: To find any differences in symptom-medication scores between the two groups of SLIT tablets and drops, given pre-coseasonally (starting 8 weeks before the pollen season) in children with rhinoconjunctivitis allergy to grass pollen. The secondary outcome were the differences in lung function and induction of T-regulatory forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) positive cells.

Biochemical structure, symptoms, location and treatment of sialoliths.

Background/purpose: Sialolithiasis is the most common disease of the salivary glands, which can cause acute and chronic infections. More than 80% of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct, 6% in the parotid gland, and 2% in the sublingual gland or minor salivary glands. Typical symptoms are recurrent swelling and pain in the involved gland, often associated with eating, due to obstructions of the draining duct.

Cytokine profiling in exhaled breath condensate after exercise challenge in asthmatic children with post-exercise symptoms.

Introduction: Markers of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) correlate with lung function impairment, airway remodeling and different aspects of the disease such as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Aim of the study was to determine the cytokine profile in EBC of children with asthma after an exercise treadmill challenge in order to obtain clinically useful information about mechanisms of EIB; also, to assess correlations between cytokine concentrations in EBC and clinical characteristics of the patients.

Material And Methods: The study population consisted of 25 randomly selected children, aged 8 to 19 years, with asthma and EIB symptoms despite the use of control medications.

Synthesis, structure and antimicrobial evaluation of a new gossypol triazole conjugates functionalized with aliphatic chains and benzyloxy groups.

Synthetic limitations in the copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) on gossypol's skeleton functionalized with alkyne (2) or azide (3) groups have been indicated. Modified approach to the synthesis of new gossypol-triazole conjugates yielded new compounds (24-31) being potential fungicides. Spectroscopic studies of triazole conjugates 24-31 have revealed their structures in solution, i.

A Stem Cell Model of the Motor Circuit Uncouples Motor Neuron Death from Hyperexcitability Induced by SMN Deficiency.

In spinal muscular atrophy, a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, sensory-motor synaptic dysfunction and increased excitability precede motor neuron (MN) loss. Whether central synaptic dysfunction and MN hyperexcitability are cell-autonomous events or they contribute to MN death is unknown. We addressed these issues using a stem-cell-based model of the motor circuit consisting of MNs and both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons (INs) in which SMN protein levels are selectively depleted.

16-Membered Macrolide Lactone Derivatives Bearing a Triazole-Functionalized Arm at the Aglycone C13 Position as Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents.

A series of new C13-triazole-bridged and C13-ether leucomycin analogues with a reduced aldehyde group were synthesized. Derivatives with the highest antibacterial [MIC values (S. epidermidis, S.

ATYPICAL DISLOCATION OF IMPACTED PERMANENT TEETH IN CHILDREN. OWN EXPERIENCE.

Introduction: Disturbances in forming of the hard tissue of teeth and bones can be a cause of their malformation and translocation. The impact of permanent teeth is one of them. It can occur with translocation of the tooth germ.

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in neural cells and neurodegenerative diseases.

The function of human nervous system is critically dependent on proper interneuronal communication. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles are emerging as a novel form of information exchange within the nervous system. Intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular bodies (MVBs) can be transported in neural cells anterogradely or retrogradely in order to be released into the extracellular space as exosomes.

Spirometry-Adjusted Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Allows Asthma Diagnosis in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

Background: Recently, it has been proved that fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) results are in disagreement with other measurements of asthma control. The objective of this work is to present and validate new lung function/lung inflammation ratios.

Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study in which we evaluated data from medical documentation of 1,529 pediatric and adolescent subjects and a small number (2% of the studied population) of young adults, who presented symptoms suggestive of asthma (age range 4-24 y).

Central giant cell granuloma located in the maxilla in a 8-year old boy.

Unlabelled: Central giant cell granuloma is a rare occurring tumor-like lesion of the facial part of the skull, located more often in mandible (from 2:1 to 3:1), than in the maxilla. It accounts for 7% of all benign tumors of the jaws, whereas the brown tumor is a complication of a primary hyperparathyroidism and occurs in approximately 4.5%, or in 1.

Total specific airway resistance vs spirometry in asthma evaluation in children in a large real-life population.

Background: Total specific airway resistance (sRtot) has been introduced as an alternative technique to assess lung function with a particular application to younger children with asthma.

Objective: To establish a diagnostic value of the body plethysmographic parameter (sRtot) in asthma diagnosis in young children.

Methods: This was a prospective, noninterventional study.

Do children with stable asthma benefit from addition of montelukast to inhaled corticosteroids: randomized, placebo controlled trial.

Background: To determine the effects of montelukast added to maintenance inhaled steroids (ICS) therapy during the school year in children with stable asthma on the ICS use, frequency of exacerbations, lung function, asthma symptoms, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).

Methods: Seventy six asthmatic children aged 6-14 years, allergic to house dust mites were randomized to a double-blinded trial comparing montelukast therapy to a matching placebo. We studied following end-points: the reduction in the ICS dose, the frequency of exacerbations, lung function, asthma control test score, and the change from baseline in FEV1 during a standardized exercise treadmill challenge.

Dental problems in a patient with the classic type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome--a case report.

The huge progress in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in developmental medicine allowed not only to save lives of many children and adolescents, but also enforced the necessity of close cooperation between many specialists. Unfortunately dental treatment is still not an integral part of taking care of disabled children and youth with chronic diseases. The situation worsens, when we come across the so-called rare diseases.

Dental issues in Rett syndrome.

The advancements in science and technology allowed saving the lives of children, who had no chance of survival before. Hence the problem of so called rare diseases, usually genetically determined. It is a new challenge for both the physicians and the health services.

Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates oxidative stress and protects human gingival fibroblasts against cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide and butyric acid.

Objective: The oxidative burst of the host cells associated with bacterial pathogen infection contributes to the destruction of periodontal tissue. The present study investigates the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) viability and ROS generation.

Methods: The cell viability by MTT assay, ROS level using H2DCF-DA probe, and protein thiol content were measured in HGFs after 24h preincubation with different concentrations of DHA followed by treatment with H2O2.