COVID-19-associated mortality in individuals with serious mental disorders in Sweden during the first two years of the pandemic- a population-based register study.

Background: Reports at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic suggested differences in COVID-19-associated mortality between individuals with serious mental disorders (SMD) and the population at large.

Aim: To compare the pattern of COVID-19-associated mortality in individuals with and without SMD in Sweden over the two main pandemic years.

Methods: We compared the pattern of COVID-19-associated mortality in individuals with and without SMD in Sweden during 2020 and 2021.

Failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia in pediatrics: Is there a racial disparity?

Introduction: Racial disparities in measures of health and healthcare processes are well described. Limited work exists on disparities in failure to rescue - hospital mortality following a major adverse event. Postoperative pneumonia is a serious, potentially preventable adverse event that often leads to death, i.

Preserved Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Cervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women with Dominant Expression of the TRAV1-2-TRAJ20 T Cell Receptor α-Chain.

Background: Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells with specialized antimicrobial functions. Circulating MAIT cells are depleted in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but studies examining this effect in peripheral tissues, such as the female genital tract, are lacking.

Methods: Flow cytometry was used to investigate circulating MAIT cells in a cohort of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and HIV-seronegative (HIV-) female sex workers (FSWs), and HIV- lower-risk women (LRW).

Shared Reading and Science Vocabulary for Kindergarten Students.

Unlabelled: Kindergarten students commonly receive a limited amount of exposure to scientific concepts and informational texts. The present study used a multiple probe design across participants to determine the effects of shared reading instruction on three kindergarten students' science-related vocabulary acquisition in a virtual classroom during the Covid-19 pandemic. The interventionist delivered explicit vocabulary instruction by reading aloud a science picture book and intentionally pausing to define, explain, and discuss vocabulary words that were unfamiliar to young students.

Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine.

Introduction: In neonates and infants, epidural analgesia has gained popularity as a means of providing postoperative analgesia, limiting opioid-related adverse effects and improving the postoperative course. In addition to a local anesthetic agent, adjunctive agents may be added to further augment analgesia. Clonidine is an α-adrenergic agonist that is frequently added to single-shot caudal analgesia, but there are limited data regarding its use in a continuous epidural infusion, especially in patients ≤12 months of age.

In Situ Detection of MAIT Cells and MR1-Expressing Cells in Tissue Biopsies Utilizing Immunohistochemistry.

The mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize microbial vitamin B2 metabolites presented via MR1, a MHC-I-related protein. MAIT cells are abundant in blood and mucosa, where they display a broad range of functions. Spatial distribution of cells and their proximity to other cells, including infected cells and antigen presenting cells, are crucial components of cell-mediated immunity.

The CD4CD8 MAIT cell subpopulation is a functionally distinct subset developmentally related to the main CD8 MAIT cell pool.

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells that recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by the MHC class I-like protein MR1. Human MAIT cells predominantly express the CD8α coreceptor (CD8), with a smaller subset lacking both CD4 and CD8 (double-negative, DN). However, it is unclear if these two MAIT cell subpopulations distinguished by CD8α represent functionally distinct subsets.

Tissue-resident MAIT cell populations in human oral mucosa exhibit an activated profile and produce IL-17.

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes defined by their innate-like characteristics and broad antimicrobial responsiveness. Whether MAIT cells are part of the tissue-resident defense in the oral mucosal barrier is unknown. Here, we found MAIT cells present in the buccal mucosa, with a tendency to cluster near the basement membrane, and located in both epithelium and the underlying connective tissue.

Correction: Seminal plasma induces inflammation and enhances HIV-1 replication in human cervical tissue explants.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.

Seminal plasma induces inflammation and enhances HIV-1 replication in human cervical tissue explants.

The most immediate and evident effect of mucosal exposure to semen in vivo is a local release of proinflammatory mediators accompanied by an influx of leukocytes into the female genital mucosa (FGM). The implication of such response in HIV-1 transmission has never been addressed due to limitations of currently available experimental models. Using human tissue explants from the uterine cervix, we developed a system of mucosal exposure to seminal plasma (SP) that supports HIV-1 replication.

CD49a Expression Defines Tissue-Resident CD8 T Cells Poised for Cytotoxic Function in Human Skin.

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells form a heterogeneous population that provides localized protection against pathogens. Here, we identify CD49a as a marker that differentiates CD8 Trm cells on a compartmental and functional basis. In human skin epithelia, CD8CD49a Trm cells produced interferon-γ, whereas CD8CD49a Trm cells produced interleukin-17 (IL-17).

Innate Invariant NKT Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Dendritic Cells Is an Early Detection Mechanism Targeted by Viral Immune Evasion.

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond rapidly with a broad range of effector functions upon recognition of glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. HIV-1 carries Nef- and Vpu-dependent mechanisms to interfere with CD1d surface expression, indirectly suggesting a role for iNKT cells in control of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we investigated whether iNKT cells can participate in the innate cell-mediated immune response to HIV-1.

Presence of CD8+ T cells in the ectocervical mucosa correlates with genital viral shedding in HIV-infected women despite a low prevalence of HIV RNA-expressing cells in the tissue.

The female genital tract is a portal of entry for sexual HIV transmission and a possible viral reservoir. In this study, the ectocervical CD8+ T cell distribution was explored in situ and was related to expression of CD3 and HLA-DR and presence of HIV RNA. For this purpose, ectocervical tissue samples and genital secretions were collected from HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSWs) (n = 20), HIV-seronegative (HIV-) FSWs (n = 17), and HIV(-) lower-risk women (n = 21).